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DUAL CREDIT U. S. HISTORY

Exam Review Guide

Stephenville High School

Rick Sherrod

Room 502

Chapter 1 Dual Credit U. S. History

Review Concepts

What was the geographic origin of Paleo-Indians who entered the North American continent between 30,000 and 40,000 years ago?
How did the first people come to America?
What staple crop did Native American environmental engineering produce some 7,000 years ago?
What crops did Indian cultures plan together to form the basis for an agricultural revolution?
What was this “agricultural revolution” in North America?
Who were the first Europeans to reach North America?
What statement most accurately characterizes American Indian life at the time of European contact?
What were the belief systems and forms of social organization of the Native Americans of the woodlands east of the Mississippi River?
What Indian group, after arriving in the Valley of Mexico after 1200, established a tributary empire?
Which European country first began importing slaves from Africa?
What in particular enhanced European overseas trade in this period?
Why did the Portuguese court reject the Columbus plan of sailing west?
What did Columbus think of the first people he encountered in the West Indies?”
What became the major goal of European explorers after Columbus?
What was the profession of the first Europeans engaging in regular contact with Native Americans?
How did Indians respond to the first official French exploration of the Canadian coast?
Why did Indians in the Northeast seek to expand areas for obtaining food when coming into contact with the French?
What is suggested by the European view of the Indians as “noble savages”?
Why did Europeans often object to Native American behavior?
How did the Indians perceive trade?
How did the Indians perceive land?
What was the first and perhaps most profound result of the meeting of native and European cultures?
What is the best scholarly estimate of the number of people living north of Mexico in 1492?
What is an example of the exchange of diseases between Europe and America?
What were the key features of the “Columbian Exchange”?
How did Indians respond when their populations began to decline?
What group first turned the African slave trade into a thriving enterprise?
How did Europeans generally obtain slaves from Africa?
About how many enslaved Africans reached the New World between 1500 and 1800?
How did the Columbian Exchange affect the European population?
What were the principal tenets of Martin Luther’s theology?
According to Calvinists, how could happiness on earth be obtained?
What groups of people embraced Protestant doctrines?
What was the major reason King Henry VIII seized control of the Catholic Church in England?

Chapter 2 Dual Credit U. S. History

Review Concepts

What was the Treaty of Tordesillas (1493) and why was it important?
What enabled the Spanish to subdue the Aztecs?
Who was Francisco Vasquez de Coronado and why is he important?
How did the Spanish gain wealth in America?
What resulted from Francis Drake’s attack on Spanish ships?
Who staked England’s first claim to North American territory?
What major factor precipitated the decline in Spanish power?
What were the social consequences of overseas expansion in Europe?
Why did Spain try to invade England in 1588?
Who was Bartolomé de las Casas and how did he view the Indians?
What statement best describes the Catholic Church’s role in New Spain?
Who was Samuel de Champlain and why was he important?
Which European nations did not engage in the fur trade?
Who were the French Protestants and what was their role in overseas expansion and religious dissent?
What was the main economic activity in French Canada?
What resulted from the expeditions of Louis Joliet, Jacques Marquette, Robert Cavlier and Sieur de la Salle?
What resulted from the French acquisition of Louisiana?
Which European country had held the Netherlands (Holland) as a colony?
What characterize Dutch New World colonies?
Which religious order led Church efforts to convert Indians in New Mexico?
How did Indians in the Southeast respond to their declining numbers?
What did French Louisiana suffer from?
With whom did the French in Louisiana form an alliance?
Why was Louisiana unappealing to French farmers?
Why did Bartolomé de las Casas’s arguments win the Spanish court?

Chapter 3 Dual Credit U. S. History

Review Concepts

Why did Nathaniel Bacon and his followers rebel against the government of Virginia?
What major economic transformation in England prompted migration to America?
What happened to the settlers at Roanoke Colony?
What precipitated the English Civil War in 1642?
Why was the Glorious Revolution and why was it important?
What characterized joint-stock companies?
Why did the Plymouth and London companies receive charters to settle Virginia?
What was the greatest problem in the early years of settlement for Jamestown settlers?
By 1610, the Jamestown settlement seemed destined to fail. What save it?
How did the Virginia Company encourage settlers to move to the colony?
In which colony did the House of Burgesses serve as a governing body?
For whom did George Calvert found Maryland as a religious haven?
What statement best describes Maryland’s early experience?
What was the main cause of Bacon’s Rebellion?
What kinds of people joined the ranks of rebels during 1676 Bacon’s Rebellion?
What set the rhythms of work and play in Maryland and Virginia?
Who did the work on the tobacco plantations during the early years of Virginia and Maryland?
What were indentured servants in Virginia and what were their lives like?
Why was the Mayflower Compact unique?
What was the economic mainstay of the Plymouth Colony?
In contrast to the Virginia colonists, what was the Massachusetts Bay Colony known for?
Where did most Massachusetts settlers live?
What were the important differences between Massachusetts and Virginia in the 17^th century?
Which statement best describes an ideal of family life in colonial Massachusetts?
What did John Winthrop mean by calling Massachusetts a “city upon a hill”?
After being banished from Massachusetts, what colony did Roger Williams found?
Who was Anne Hutchinson and why was she important?
What was King Philip’s War?
What was the Half-Way Covenant?
Why important changes occurred in Massachusetts between 1630 and 1690?
What did the Salem witch trials reflect?
What nation controlled New York before England gained control of the region?
What political structure did William Penn embrace?
What did Quakers believe?
How were the Pennsylvania and Massachusetts colonies different?
Who helped to draw up the Fundamental Constitution of Carolina?
By the 1720s, what kind of economy had developed in South Carolina?
Which statement best describes the early development of North Carolina?
What was the status of slavery in Georgia when it was founded?

Chapter 4 Dual Credit U. S. History

Review Concepts

How did the English elite view the American colonies?
Which were the richest English colonies?
How did the New England economy contrast to the economy in the southern colonial regions?
What economic activity existed in the backcountry regions to the west of the coastal settlements?
To what does the notion of the emergence of the “Yankee” refer?
In 1662, how did Virginia define its customs on slavery?
What was caused by the improvement of the English economy at the end of the 17^th century?
How did South Carolina differ from Virginia?
What was true about the creation of African-American culture in the colonies?
Beginning in the 1720s, who carried out work on the Chesapeake plantations?
What characterized the Middle Colonies?
What made Philadelphia unique by 1770?
What characterized cities in the Colonial Era?
What was racial violence like in colonial America?
Where, in the 18^th century, was a new immigrant to America most likely to settle?
What was the largest immigrant group in the colonies in the early-18^th century?
In the backcountry, what did settlers and colonial governments often clash over?
What were the typical beliefs of Enlightenment thinkers?
What did John Locke argue in his essays?
Who was Jonathan Edwards and what were his beliefs?
What was the Great Awakening?
By 1700, in what colonies would there be a representative assembly?
What was the British policy of salutary neglect?
Who was the most powerful political authority in colonial government?
Which statement best describes colonial governors?
What kinds of power did local colonial assemblies have?
Where was “true legislative power” vested with regard to British colonial policy?
By 1690, from what did the most persistent danger to colonial peace and safety come?
Who had an easier time forming alliances with the Indians—the English or the French?
The French and Indian War is the American version of which European war?
What sparked the French and Indian War in 1754?
How was Prime Minister William Pitt’s handling of the French and Indian War different from the way than previous British leaders handled American wars?
What resulted from the French and Indian War?

Chapter 5 Dual Credit U. S. History

Review Concepts

What a key problem faced by England’s King George III when he came to the throne in 1760?
What resulted from the British victory over the French in the Seven Years’ War?
How did Indians respond to the influx of English settlers into their territory after 1763?
In 1763, what did Prime Minister George Grenville do to keep white settlers apart from the Indians?
How did the British government crack down on the smuggling of French sugar and molasses?
What was the first direct tax ever imposed on the colonists?
Who was hurt by the Stamp Tax?
Who led the Sons of Liberty?
What was Patrick Henry’s opinion of the Stamp Act?
What question did debates over the principle of “no taxation without representation” focus upon?
Why was the Stamp Act repealed?
How did colonists celebrate the repeal of the Stamp Act?
What was the Declaratory Act?
What were the Townshend Acts?
What was the concept of “virtual representation”?
Why did Boston artisans support the boycott of British goods in 1768?
Who raised the strongest voices against the boycott of English goods in protest against the Townshend Acts?
What caused the Boston Massacre?
What did Edmund Burke’s speech to the House of Commons indicate about his view of the trouble in the colonies?
What was the situation between Britain and American between 1770 and 1773?
What were the committees of correspondence and why were they important?
Why did Parliament pass the Tea Act of 1773?
What did the British government do after the Boston Tea Party?
Why did Americans object to the Quebec Act?
What were the Suffolk Resolves and what did they urge Americans to do?
What was done to colonists suspected of being loyal to Britain?
Where was the first military engagement of the American Revolution?
What was the Second Continental Congress and why was it important?
What was Thomas Paine’s Common Sense and why was it important?
Who was the principal author of the Declaration of Independence?
What was the notion that expressed the rationale for independence as found in the Declaration of Independence?
Which statement about Loyalists is accurate?
Which statement about slavery and the American Revolution is accurate?

Chapter 6 Dual Credit U. S. History

Review Concepts

Why were the odds against an American victory over Britain so great?
What dilemma did Thomas Gage face when he commanded British forces occupying Boston in 1775?
Why was the 1775 battle for Boston costly for the British?
What happened to George Washington when he reached the Patriot camp in Massachusetts?
What were the flaws with General William Howe’s strategy of using Loyalists?
What was the British plan for conquest of North and South Carolina in 1776?
How did George Washington rally his troops?
What does the Battle of Trenton indicate about George Washington as a general?
What was at the center of John Burgoyne’s plan to defeat America?
What did the British campaign of 1777 attempt to achieve?
What did the outcome of the 1777 New York campaign of British General John Burgoyne reveal?
What was the Battle of Saratoga and why was it important?
Which statement is true about the “long and dreadful winter” at Valley Forge?
How did Friedrich von Steuben help Washington’s army at Valley Forge?
From which occupation(s) did the enlisted men that survived the winter at Valley Forge come from?
Who represented American interests in Paris during the Revolution?
What did the British do after the American victory at Saratoga?
By 1780, what major factor prevented Britain from concentrating all it its military might and naval power in America?
What was the most important consequence of the French Alliance?
What was an important consequence of the 1778 financial crisis of the Continental Congress?
Which statement best describes the Revolutionary War in the West?
After 1776, what kept resistance to Revolution alive in the South?
What did Nathaniel Green’s strategy in the South include?
Who was Benedict Arnold and why was he important?
After which battle did British fighting against the colonies largely end?
What happened following the British defeat at Yorktown?
What was the Treaty of Paris (1783) and why was it important?
What happened to religion in the years after the American Revolution?
Which individual rights did the American revolutionary generation prove most responsive to defend?
After the Revolution, which two states eliminated all property requirements for voting?
What did the concept of “republican womanhood” stress?
Which statement best describes the plight of Black soldiers during the Revolutionary War?
What happened to the institution of slavery in the years after the American Revolution?

Chapter 7 Dual Credit U. S. History

Review Concepts

What philosophical reasons led Alexander Hamilton to support the Constitution?
What led some Americans to oppose the Constitution?
After ratification of the Constitution, what was the concern of many Americans regarding protection of individual rights?
What were the main features of the Articles of Confederation?
Why did ratification of the Articles of Confederation take so long?
What major problem did the Confederation government face?
What were the provisions of the Northwest Ordinances (1784, 1785, 1787)?
How did the Confederation deal with European powers?
What was the aim of Shays Rebellion of 1786?
Which states supported a strong central / federal / national government?
What key American leaders were absent at the 1787 Constitutional Convention?
What type of men composed the Constitution?
What was Madison’s “Virginia Plan?”
What was Connecticut’s “Great Compromise?”
What was the “Three-Fifths Compromise?”
Under the Constitution, what are president’s responsibilities?
Who chooses the president if there is no majority in the Electoral College?
What did it take to ratify the new Constitution?
What was the Antifederalist critique of the Federalists?
What was Washington’s “easiest” decision after becoming president?
What are the provisions of the Bill of Rights?
What was Hamilton’s economic goal for America?
How did Jefferson and Madison differ from Hamilton?
What were the controversial features of Hamilton’s economic plan?
What attitude did Hamilton’s economic plan aim seek to instill in America’s elite?
Why did Jefferson and Madison oppose a national bank?
Why did American opinion eventually turn against the French Revolution?
What immediate impact did the French Revolution have on Americans?
What attitude did the Whiskey Rebellion promote in the west?
Why did Washington send John Jay to negotiate a treaty with England?
What were the provisions of the “Jay Treaty?”
What did Washington say in his “Farewell Address?”
What did Hamilton argue in his Report on Manufacturing?
What did Hamilton believe about the relationship between the central government and the American economy?

Chapter 8 Dual Credit U. S. History

Review Concepts

What did Jefferson and Burr have in common in spite of their vastly different backgrounds?
What did John Adams have a reputation for as a politician?
Why was the presidential election of 1796 unique?
Which statement best describes the foreign policy alignments of the 1790s?
What was the XYZ Affair and what results were produced by it?
During the Quasi-War with France, what did Alexander Hamilton’s faction of the Federalist Party try to do?
What Federalist belief inspired the Alien Act (1798)?
What was the Sedition Act (1798) and why was it important?
How did Republicans perceive the Alien and Sedition Acts?
How was America’s crisis with France during the Adams administration resolved?
In the election of 1800, why did many southern Federalists choose to support Jefferson?
What was the outcome of the 1800 election?
After the 1800 election, what did the Federalist-controlled judiciary do?
Why did the Federalists create a tremendous number of new judicial appointments in 1801?
Besides letting the Alien and Sedition Acts expire, what did Congress do during the Jefferson presidency?
What were Jefferson’s beliefs regarding economic policy?
What was the significance of Marbury v. Madison (1803)?
What was Thomas Jefferson’s vision of America?
How did America’s war against the Barbary pirates end?
What was the Antifederalist critique of the Federalists?
How did François Dominique Toussaint L’Ouverture indirectly help make possible the Louisiana Purchase?
Which statement best describes the debate over the Louisiana Purchase?
When Thomas Jefferson sent Meriwether Lewis and s small party into the Louisiana area, what was their primary mission?
How far west did the Lewis and Clark expedition get?
Who led the next major exploration of new territory after the Lewis and Clark expedition?
What did the election of 1804 demonstrate?
Which of the following limited migration to the region west of the Appalachian Mountains in the early-1800s?
Along with economic instability, why was social instability also common in the West?
Which of the following best describes young people living on the frontier?
What great challenge did traditional New England Congregationalism face during the early-1800s?
Which statement about early 19^th century evangelicals is accurate?
What statement best describes Thomas Jefferson’s view of Indians?
What was the chief problem for Jefferson’s Indian policy?
How did the Louisiana Purchase affect Jefferson’s Indian policy?
What ideas formed the basis for Indian policy for the rest of the 19^th century?

Chapter 9 Dual Credit U. S. History

Review Concepts

Why did an increasing number of Jeffersonians demand aggressive action against Indian groups along the western frontier?
Why did Aaron Burr kill Alexander Hamilton?
What was James Wilkinson’s role in the Burr conspiracy?
During the war between France and England, what did Americans intend to do?
What British act served to strain British relations with the U. S.?
Why did Napoleon seek an alliance with Russia in 1807?
What did Jefferson do when it became clear in 1808 that European powers were not going to respect American neutrality?
What was the Embargo of 1808 and what impacts did it have?
Upon whom did western farmers direct their anger when adversely affected by the Embargo of 1808?
What did Tecumseh urge Indians to do?
What did William Henry Harrison believe about Tecumseh?
How were the Indians and the British linked together in the minds of William Henry Harrison and men who thought like him?
What was the Non-Intercourse Act?
What preceded an angry meeting between Tecumseh and William Henry Harrison in Vicennes in 1810?
What was the Battle of Tippecanoe and why was it important?
Why did the War of 1812 catch the U. S. terribly unprepared?
On what disturbing note did the War of 1812 begin?
Which statement best describes the naval war during the year of 1812?
What did the election of 1812 reveal, despite a rough start to the War of 1812?
Why were the Great Lakes so important in the War of 1812?
In what way did Oliver Hazard Perry make his reputation during the War of 1812?
What was the significance of the Battle of Thames?
How did Napoleon’s defeat at the hands of the British in 1814 affect the Americans?
What was the most successful battle fought by the Americans during the War of 1812 (and why was it so ironic)?
What was a positive effect on the U. S. resulting from the War of 1812?
What new avenue of economic expansion opened as a result of the War of 1812?
Why did white citizens protest Andrew Jackson’s military presence in New Orleans?
What was the Battle of Horseshoe Bend and why was it important?
Which statement best describes Andrew Jackson’s defense of New Orleans?
How many casualties did the British suffer in the Battle of New Orleans (1815)?
What softened British demands during the peace negotiations with Americans?
What was the Treaty of Ghent and why was it important?
What sector of the American economy was strengthened during the War of 1812?
How did big business find wealth in the West in the years after the War of 1812?
What was true of Native Americans in the years after the War of 1812?
What created an enormous new demand for cotton from the America South?
How did the expansion of cotton production in the South change slavery?
What did Tecumseh try to convince William Henry Harrison of in their running war of words?

Chapter 10 Dual Credit U. S. History

Review Concepts

What prompted John C. Calhoun to develop the nullification doctrine?
What was the Hartford Convention?
How did Republicans promote industrial development after the War of 1812?
What made commercial activity in the West difficult?
What was the Cumberland Road and why was it important?
Which state was most successful developing canals?
What was Henry Miller’s Shreve’s great accomplishment?
Why was the case McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) important?
What was the significance of Dartmouth College v. Woodward, McCulloch v. Maryland, and Gibbons v. Ogden?
What did the U. S. gain through the 1821 Adams-Onís Treaty?
What was the Monroe Doctrine?
What was the movement West like after the War of 1812?
What was the main cause of the Panic of 1819?
What was the Tallmadge Amendment?”
What was the Missouri Compromise? (two questions on this topic)
Who did backers of the American System support in the 1824 presidential election?
Who did Henry Clay support in the election of 1824?
What did John Quincy Adams propose during his presidency?
What was the most profound change on the American political scene by 1830?
Whose growing influence did the passage of the “Tariff of Abominations” reveal?
What were the most economic changes in the U. S. between 1800-1830?
What issue dominated the presidential election campaign of 1828?
How did Andrew Jackson treat the federal bureaucracy?
How was Andrew Jackson different from previous presidents?
What was the Second Bank of the U. S. and why was it important?
How did Andrew Jackson resolve his differences with the Bank of the U. S.?
How did Andrew Jackson propose to deal with the government’s western lands?
What immediate impact did the French Revolution have on Americans?
What was federal policy toward the Indians during the 1820s?
What were the views of John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson regarding treaties with the Indians?
Which one of the so-called “Five Civilized Tribes” used military resistance against the government’s efforts to relocate those Indians?
What year was the “Tariff of Abominations” passed?

Chapter 11 Dual Credit U. S. History

Review Concepts

What patterns of America life are typified by Helen Jewett?
What were American roads like in the 1830s?
What railroad received the first state charter?
What were the major problems in 19^th century railroad construction?
What was the name for Samuel Slater’s system using of home workers to produce textiles?
Which was the “American System of Manufacturing”?
What was the typical worker at the Lowell Mills like in the 1830s?
Why was the relationship between 1820s & 30s urban factory workers & their employers?
What were immigrant experiences like for those who came to the U. S. before 1861?
What did Odd Fellows & Masons stress?
What was the “cult of domesticity”?
What did some women of the 1830s & 40s involve themselves in doing?
What were antebellum cotton plantation owners like?
Where did the slaves in the Cotton Belt come from?
How profitable was slavery?
What did a male field hand in his mid-20s sell for at the height of the slave trade?
Who were antebellum planters like?
What was the typical slave cabin like?
What was the typical diet of a slaves?
How were slaves in the South typically punished?
What percentage of Southern white families owned slaves?
What were small white farmers in the South like?
What was the typically free black of the South like?
What were black slaveholders like?
Which choice best describes the typical slaveholder?
Which choice best describes a typical planters wife?
What were the complaints of Mary Boykin Chestnut?
What was marriage among the Southern elites like?
What did the average slave diet usually include?
What were the stories surrounding the murder of Helen Jewett?
How did water-based transportation compare to rail transport?
By 1835, what was the circulation of American newspapers?
What was the flow of information in America like in the mid-1840s?

Chapter 12 Dual Credit U. S. History

Review Concepts

What did the Second Great Awakening emphasize regarding women?
What was Charles G. Finney’s preaching style?
What is an accurate statement about members of evangelical religious denominations?
What kinds of things did the theologians of the Second Great Awakening emphasize and advocate?
Why was there a steady increase in the number of strikes during the 1830s?
Why were journeymen dissatisfied with the emerging industrial economic system?
What was the ruling in Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842)?
What caused working class protests, strikes, and riots in 19^th century U. S. cities?
What does the slave folktale of Br’er Rabbit and Br’er Fox really suggest?
Where did most escaped slaves come from?
Who was Nat Turner and why is he important?
How did Southern whites deal with the possibility of slave uprisings?
What did reformers in voluntary societies of the 1830s stress?
What were the main beliefs of reformers during the first half of the 19^th century?
What did Horace Mann attempt to reform?
Who was Dorothea Dix and why was she important?
What accounts for the growth of the temperance movement?
What were the claims of the American Colonization Society?
What did William Lloyd Garrison advocate?
In 1836, how did Congress react to the rising tide of abolitionism?
What intellectual movement is linked to Ralph Waldo Emerson?
Who was the most radical of the transcendentalists?
What kind of amusements were common among working class men before the Civil War?
What was the cultural life of a slave like?
What was the religious life of a slave like?
Who founded New Harmony and why?
Why were the Owenites unpopular with more traditional Americans?
On whose ideas was Brook Farm founded?
How did Mormons exercise political clout?
What was the presidential election of 1832 like?
Why did Andrew Jackson’s opponents call themselves “Whigs”?
What caused the Panic of 1837?
What important shift in U. S. politics became clear as a result of the election of 1840?

Chapter 13 Dual Credit U. S. History

Review Concepts

What did Lorenzo de Zavala want in Texas?
What were the two views held by Americans about the West?
How did the Indian approach to management and exploitation of natural resources differ from the European view?
What group of people were the first to join fur trappers in the West?
What was the principal underlying cause for westward migration?
Why did large numbers of New Englanders migrate from 1825-1840?
Which statement best described Stephen F. Austin’s efforts to settle Texas?
What was the typical migrant to Texas like?
Who began the first permanent agricultural settlements in Oregon?
Which Mormon leader left the East and settled in Utah?
What was the pre-emption bill of 1841?
What were the hopes of migrants who headed West?
What led to the concerted effort by white Americans in Oregon Country to remove Indians?
How did Spanish settlers organize California?
What did the elite class that emerged in Santa Fe result from?
As the population of Texas increased, where did most settlers originate?
What was Manifest Destiny?
What caused the 1838 conflict between Britain and the U. S.?
What was the 1818 agreement between Britain and the U. S. regarding Oregon?
What did Mexican law require of Americans who settled in Texas?
What caused the Texas Revolution of 1836?
Who was the “Napoleon of the West”?
How did the Texas Revolution end?
What were the terms of the treaty annexing Texas and who opposed it?
What role did the annexation of Texas play in the election of 1844?
What was the Democratic political platform in 1844?
How was the Oregon border dispute settled?
In annexing Texas, why did Tyler and Calhoun offend the Mexican government?
What were Mexican-American relations like before the Mexican War began?
Why did Henry David Thoreau oppose the Mexican War?
What were the terms of the Wilmot Proviso?
What happened in California after the outbreak of the Mexican war?
How did the Mexican War proceed?
What were the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo?
What prevented President Polk from annexing Mexico?
What did Liberty Party leaders believe about slavery?
Who did the Democrats nominate as presidential candidate for 1848?
What was the central issue of the 1848 presidential election?
What was the Free Soil Party policy in 1848?
Who was Lorenzo de Zavala and why is he important?

Chapter 14 Dual Credit U. S. History

Review Concepts

What loosely knit political group did Whig leaders organize after 1848?
How did American antislavery advocates compare to their British counterparts?
How did delegates of the 1848 Seneca Falls, New York Convention respond to a resolution calling for women’s suffrage?
Besides allowing admission of California to the Union as a free state, what else did the Compromise of 1850 require?
For northerners, what was the most appalling feature of the Compromise of 1850?
By the 1850s, what factor had enabled westerners to increase their economic and political power?
Who was Harriet Beecher Stowe and what was the significance of her book Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852)?
What fraction of the southern population owned slaves?
What were members of the Whig Party who supported moderate abolitionism called?
What was the Gadsden Purchase and why was it important?
Which politician most actively supported federal aid for the transcontinental railroad?
How did Stephen Douglas propose to resolve the issue of slavery in new territories?
Who opposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act and why?
How did John Brown respond to the sack of the antislavery town of Lawrence, Kansas?
How did Representative Preston Brooks respond when Senator Charles Sumner insulted his uncle before Congress?
Under the Constitution, what are president’s responsibilities?
What was the nature and outcome of the election of 1856?
What was the Dred Scott case and how did the Supreme Court rule in it?
How did Congress finally resolve the controversy over slavery in Kansas?
During the 1850s, what was Abraham Lincoln’s position on slavery?
What resulted from the Lincoln-Douglas debates?
Why did John Brown attack the federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry?
How many major candidates were there for president in 1860?
What did Senator John Crittenden propose to prevent the breakup of the Union?
Which state first seceded from the Union?
Why did Jefferson Davis believe the South was justified in seceding?
What type of men comprised Abraham Lincoln’s Cabinet?
Where did the first battle of the Civil War occur?
Which statement best describes Abraham Lincoln’s handling of the secession crisis?
To whom did Abraham Lincoln initially offer field command of the Union armies?

Chapter 15 Dual Credit U. S. History

Review Concepts

When the war began, what was the biggest challenge confronting Lincoln and Davis?
What did General-in-Chief Winfield Scott advocate the Union do once the fighting began?
What position did Radical Republicans like Thaddeus Stevens take with regard to southerners?
On what did Confederates pin their main hopes on winning the war?
What position on military strategy did Confederate President Jefferson Davis take?
What position did the British take with regard to the Civil War?
What sparked the Trent affair?
How did victory at the Battle of Bull Run affect the South?
What was McClellan’s major strength as a general?
What became clear about the war after the Battle of Bull Run?
What was the Battle of Shiloh and why was it important?
Which statement best describes Union General George B. McClellan?
What was the bloodiest single-day battle of the Civil War?
Which statement best describes the Union war effort in 1862?
What principal factor frustrated Jefferson Davis’s diplomatic goal of gaining British recognition of the Confederacy?
What was the Emancipation Proclamation and why was it important?
What resulted from the Emancipation Proclamation?
What was the Union’s Conscription Act of 1863 and why was it important?
What was the nature of the Confederacy’s conscription law and the response of southerners to it?
What was the Confederacy’s most serious shortage?
Who first used runaway slaves in the Union armies?
Which statement best describes the Civil War experiences of African American soldiers?
How did Jefferson and Madison differ from Hamilton?
Why did Andersonville, Georgia have a notorious reputation?
What was the Battle of Chancellorsville and what resulted from it?
What was the Battle of Gettysburg and what resulted from it?
What happened immediately after the Battle of Gettysburg?
Who were William T. Sherman and Ulysses S. Grant and why were they important figures in the Civil War?
What was General Grant’s strategy in the spring of 1864?
Why did southerners reject Lincoln’s offer of amnesty in 1864?
What enabled the Union to take the city of Atlanta?
What was the nature and outcome of the presidential election of 1864?
Which statement best describes John Wilkes Booth’s role in the assassination of Abraham Lincoln?
What happened in the South following Robert E. Lee’s surrender?

Chapter 16 Dual Credit U. S. History

Review Concepts

What did the end of slavery force southerners of both races to do?
Why was freedom for the slaves a central concern for Lincoln and the Republican Party?
Who were the “Radical Republicans” and why were they important?
On what ground, besides the moral one, did Radical Republicans oppose slavery?
What was Lincoln’s “Ten-Percent Plan” and why was it important?
What was the 13^th Amendment?
What was Andrew Johnson’s approach to Reconstruction?
How did most white southerners view Johnson and his plan for Reconstruction?
What were the very first institutions that African-Americans fully controlled?
During Reconstruction, who established free public education?
What was Sherman’s Special Field Order No. 15 and why was it important?
What stopped the Freedman’s Bureau from distributing land to former slaves?
Which statement best describes the origins of sharecropping?
What were the results of the sharecropping system?
What were the Black Codes passed by southern legislatures in late-1865 and 1866 and why were they important?
Which statement about the Ku Klux Klan is most accurate?
What did northern Congressmen do when southern states sent representatives to Congress in December 1865?
What happened with the bill to extend the life of the Freedman’s Bureau?
Why did the 1866 Civil Rights Act have broad implications for all of society?
What was the 14^th Amendment?
Why did Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton object to the 14^th Amendment?
Which statement about Congress’s relationship with President Johnson is most accurate?
How did Jefferson and Madison differ from Hamilton?
What are the important aspects of the 14^th Amendment?
What specific act did the House of Representatives cite in its attempt to impeach Andrew Johnson?
What resulted from the effort to impeach and remove Andrew Johnson?
What characterized the election of 1868?
Which statement regarding the 15^th Amendment is most accurate?
What happened to the Ku Klux Klan do under the terms of the Ku Klux Klan Acts of 1870 and 1871?
What best describes the typical Republican voter in the South during Reconstruction?
Which statement regarding the participation of African-Americans in Reconstruction is most accurate?
What was a “carpetbagger”?
What a “scalawag”?
What kind of political corruption existed during Reconstruction?
Who were the “Redeemers” of the South and how did they usually come to power?
Who did the Democrats nominate as their presidential candidate in 1872?
Why did Republican candidates lose support in the North in 1874?
What happened in the presidential election of 1876?
What was the Compromise of 1877?
How did northern Democrats view Reconstruction?
When did historians in the U. S. begin to reconsider their interpretation of Reconstruction?

Chapter 17 Dual Credit U. S. History

Review Concepts

By 1865, why were conditions ripe for rapid industrialization in the U. S.?
What was the Homestead Act of 1862 designed to do?
How did American farmers react to declining prices for their crops?
Why did American farms increase their output after the Civil War?
Why statement best describes the relationship between the federal government and American industrialization?
What was the goal of the tariff passed in 1861?
What was the Morrill Act of 1862 and why was it important?
During the 1880s, how did railroads finance expansion?
How did railroads use “rebates”?
What or who became symbolic of railroad corruption and influence in government during the 1870s?
What made Chicago grow so rapidly?
Why did Chicago become the center for the mail-order sales business?
What was the contribution to industrial development made by Henry Bessemer and William Kelly?
How did Andrew Carnegie help to transform the organizational structure of manufacturing?
What philosophy incorporated the idea that competition in human society produced the “survival of the fittest”?
What is the belief that the economy functions best when the government leaves it strictly on its own?
What was the birthplace of most late-19^th century American workers?
From where did almost all successful business leaders come?
During what decade did voting become secret in the U. S.?
In the late-19^th century, with what was the term “spoils” associated?
Most voters developed strong loyalties to one part or another on what basis?
What name became synonymous with urban political corruption?
Who founded the organization of farmers called the Grange?
Which political party was organized around the single issue of falling farm prices?
What did Congress do in 1878 to counter deflation?
What was the Great Strike of 1877 and why was it important?
How did the Alaska treaty differ from earlier agreements acquiring new U. S. territory?
What was the Monroe Doctrine and why was it important?
During the American Civil War, Mexico was occupied by which country?
What did William H. Seward do besides acquiring Alaska from Russia?
What were the accomplishments of Hamilton Fish as Secretary of State?
What terms were included in the first treaty between China and the U. S.?
What did Social Darwinists Herbert Spencer and William Graham Sumner claim?
After he left the steel business, what did Andrew Carnegie do with his money?
Who were Henry George and Lester Ward and why were they important?
Which statement about 19^th century industrialists is most accurate?
When did the first Christian missionaries from the U. S. arrive in Hawaii?
What did Andrew Carnegie assert in the “Gospel of Wealth”?

Chapter 18 Dual Credit U. S. History

Review Concepts

What strategies did John D. Rockefeller use to revolutionize the petroleum industry?
Explain the emergence of the “trust” as a form of business organization?
Why was the 1890s Standard Oil monopoly of the oil business short-lived?
Why did advertising emerge as a central aspect of conducting business in America?
With access to huge amounts of capital, what did John P. Morgan do?
What is the correct name for a small number of firms that dominate an industry?
Which Southern political party promoted the idea of the “Lost Cause”?
Who were the Knights of Labor?
What was the nature of most late-19^th century immigrants to America?
How did most immigrants respond to pressure to become “Americanized”?
What was late-19^th century American manufacturing like?
Where was the first American skyscraper built?
How did late-19^th century American cities differ from early-19^th century American cities?
What consequences resulted from the rapid growth of American cities?
What were the results of the great Chicago fire of 1871?
What happened when heavy manufacturing moved to the outskirts of cities?
What best describes the new middle class of the late-19^th century?
What were the traits and characteristics of late-19^th century American education?
What were conditions like for late-19^th century American women?
What did the election of 1880 demonstrate?
What were the greatest battles of President James A. Garfield about?
Who were the “Mugwumps”?
What was the significance of the Supreme Court case of Munn v. Illinois (1877)?
What was the Interstate Commerce Commission?
Under what circumstances in 1888 was Benjamin Harrison elected president?
How did George W. Plunkitt indicate Tammany Hall retained voter loyalty?
For what did Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony crusade?
What were the National Woman Suffrage Association and the American Woman Suffrage Association?
What was the first state to grant women the vote?
Why did the Utah Territory grant women the right to vote?
What type of late-19^th century proposal advocated structural change?
What happened to the condition of the U. S. Navy after the American Civil War?
How did late-19^th century Americans gain influence in Hawaii?

Chapter 19 Dual Credit U. S. History

Review Concepts

How did the farm economy of the West differ the one in the East?
What material did white settlers on the Great Plains used to build their houses?
Who brought the strain of wheat that enabled Western farmers to succeed in spite of lack of rain?
Which statement best describes construction of western railroads?
What happened at Promontory Summit, Utah in 1869?
What was the reputation of the Southern Pacific Railroad?
What was mining like throughout the West?
What were the Red River Valley in the Dakotas and the San Joaquin Valley in California known for?
What was the first crop produced on giant farms by western agri-businessmen?
Which statement best describes development of logging in the Pacific Northwest?
What city came to dominate late-19^th century cultural and economic activity in the West?
What was the Reclamation Act of 1902?
Which statement about Chinese immigrants is most true?
Congress responded to anti-Chinese prejudice by passing what type of legislation?
What was the Supreme Court decision in Yick Wo v. Hopkins (1886)?
Who claimed every culture should be understood on its own rather than as part of an evolutionary chain?
What major change in U. S. Indian policy took place after 1871?
Which statement best describes white American attitudes toward Indians in the 1880s?
What was the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887?
Who was Susan Le Flesche and what did she do?
How were Americans of Mexican ancestry treated in the late-19^th & early-20^th centuries?
Which statement is most consistent with the mythic portrayal of the West?
What did historian Frederick Jackson Turner argue?
How was Sitting Bull different from most Lakotas in 1868?
What did Sitting Bull do during the last years of his life?
How did the ethnic and racial composition of the West differ from the northeastern and north-central U. S.?
What demographic feature was unique to the Southwest?
What transformed the culture of some Plains Indian tribes?
What Great Plains Indian group was the largest?
How did Great Plains Indians understand the concept of land?
How did most Plains Indians achieve high social standing?
What were the treaties signed at Fort Laramie in 1851?
What was federal Indian policy like in 1851?
What happened in 1867 the conference at Medicine Lodge
What army general launched the winter campaign of 1868-1869
Who led the Indian confederation at the 1876 Battle of Little Big Horn?
What triggered the Great Sioux War?
Which was the last sizable Indian group to refuse to live on a reservation?
What was the Ghost Dance?
What event marked the symbolic end of armed conflict on the Great Plains?
Which Indian leader led a small band of Lakotas at Wounded Knee?
Which factor was most responsible for the eventual defeat of the Indians of the West?

Chapter 20 Dual Credit U. S. History

Review Concepts

What was How the Other Half Lives by Jacob Riis?
Who was Jane Addams?
What was the Social Gospel movement?
What was the McKinley Tariff of 1889?
What was the Sherman Anti-Trust Act?
What did Republicans have to do to gain approval of their 1890 tariff bill?
What was the American Protective Association?
Why did the American Federation of Labor support literacy tests for immigrants?
How were the “new immigrants” arriving in 1890 different than immigrants prior to 1890?
Which statement about the farm economy of the Gilded Age is most accurate?
Why did farmers complain about the railroads?
What did the Farmers’ Alliance, the Grange, and the Knights of Labor advocate?
What organization gave rise to the Populist Party?
What concepts did the Populists endorse?
What did Populists in 1890 Kansas do?
Why was Grover Cleveland’s election in 1892 unique?
What hurt Grover Cleveland during his 2^nd term in office?
What did Jacob Coxey advocate during the economic crisis of the 1890s?
What best describes segregation in the south before 1883?
During the early-20^th century, who was the most prominent black leader in the U.S. among whites?
What was a common way of eliminating black political participation in the South after 1896?
What did the Supreme Court rule in Plessey v. Ferguson?
How often did lynchings take place during the years from 1885 to 1900?
What best describes Grover Cleveland’s economic policies in 1893?
What took place during the presidential campaign of 1896? (two questions)
What did Alfred Thayer Mahan argue?
What was the main argument of Josiah Strong’s Our Country (1885)?
Who was Queen Liliuokalani and what happened to her?
What do American actions in the Venezuelan boundary dispute of 1896 indicate?
How did the Spaniards counter guerrilla warfare in Cuba?
What best describes the reporting by American journalists on the war in Cuba?
What was the de Lôme letter?
What was the Teller Amendment?
Why were some Americans interested in the Philippine Islands?
What did George Dewey’s naval victory in Manila Bay demonstrate?
How did most Americans die in the Spanish-American War?
How did Albert Beveridge argue in favor of the U. S. annexation of the Philippines?
What was the Platt Amendment?
Who was Emilio Aguinaldo?
What were the “Open Door” notes?
What was the “Boxer Rebellion”?
Who was Eugene Debs?

Chapter 21 Dual Credit U. S. History

Review Concepts

What was Theodore Roosevelt’s role in the anthracite coal strike?
What were the beliefs that shaped the Progressive movement? (several questions)
Who was the “New Woman” of the Progressive Era?
Why did Margaret Sanger attract wide attention in 1916?
Who was W. E. B. Du Bois and why was he important?
What was the Socialist of Party of America?
What was the Industrial Workers of the World?
Who were Lincoln Staffens and Ida Tarbell?
What was Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle?
What legislation resulted from muckraking efforts?
What was advocated by progressive reformers operating in cities?
What type of policies were advocated by Hazen Pingree and “Golden Rule” Jones?
What type of policies were advocated by progressive educational and medical?
Who was Robert La Follette and why was he important?
What state became a “laboratory for democracy”?
Who was Hiram Johnson and the California Progressives?
What was “the initiative” of “direct legislation”?
What was a “referendum”?
What was the Supreme Court decision in the United States v. E. C. Knight (1895)?
What were Theodore Roosevelt’s views on trusts?
What were the Elkins Act and the Hepburn Act?
What was a common way of eliminating black political participation in the South after 1896?
What kinds of reforms did Theodore Roosevelt effectively champion?
What did the federal government do under the terms of the National Reclamation Act (1902)?
What was the 16^th Amendment?
What were the Hay-Pauncefote Treaties?
What was the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty?
What was theRoosevelt Corollary?
What was “Dollar Diplomacy”?
What was the “New Nationalism”?
What platform sought to prosecute trusts and reduce tariffs in the 1912 election?
What was the “Bull Moose” or Progressive Party of 1912?
Woodrow Wilson was urged to center his 1912 presidential campaign on big business by what?
What was the Underwood Act?
What was the Federal Reserve Act of 1913?
What are the roles of the Federal Reserve?
What was the Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)?

Chapter 22 Dual Credit U. S. History

Review Concepts

How did Alvin York’s religious convictions influence his actions as a soldier?
What were conditions like when Woodrow Wilson entered the White House in 1919?
What was President Wilson’s goal in dealing with the Mexican Revolution?
What resulted from the American occupation of Veracruz?
Why did Wilson finally withdraw American troops from Mexico?
Why were the Balkans called the “powder keg of Europe”?
What nations comprised the Central Powers?
What happened during the first few months of World War I?
What did Wilson urge Americans to do when World War I began in Europe?
Which group of Americans did not sympathize with the Allies during the war?
What best describes America’s policy of neutrality?
Why did the Germans sink the British passenger ship Lusitania?
What happened in the election of 1916?
What happened in the months immediately prior to America’s declaration of war on Germany?
What was the Zimmerman Telegram?
What was the War Industries Board?
What was the National War Labor Board?
What was the Creel Committee?
What did the Supreme Court do when opponents of the Espionage Act challenged its legality?
What characterized American labor’s wartime experience?
What best describes the American labor force during World War I?
What best describes race relations during World War I?
What best describes the draft during World War I?
What best described the condition of African-American troops during World War I?
Why did Woodrow Wilson regard American as an Associated Power?
What best describes the condition and contribution made to the war by black troops?
Why did Russia withdraw from World War I?
How did the Allies react to Wilsons Fourteen Points?
What kind of conditions followed the end of the war in areas where combat had occurred?
What did Britain support as a Palestinian policy in 1917?
What was the Treaty of Versailles?
What did the Treaty of Versailles support regarding the question of self-determination?
Who was Henry Cabot Lodge and why was he important?
Who was Edith Bolling Wilson and why was she important?
Why did a large number of strikes occur in 1919?
In 1919, how did Massachusetts Governor Calvin Coolidge make a name for himself?
What were Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer’s raids in 1919-1920?
What were the criminal syndicalism laws?
Who were Sacco and Vanzetti and why were they important?
Why did Republicans nominate Warren G. Harding for president in 1920?
What happened in the presidential election of 1920?
What was Woodrow Wilson trying to accomplish by presenting his Fourteen Points?

Chapter 23 Dual Credit U. S. History

Review Concepts

In terms of living conditions, how did Americans of 1920 compare to those of 1929?
What ways did American business change during the 1920s?
Which statement best describes American consumers’ habits in the 1920s?
What was a principal reason for Henry Ford’s success as an automobile manufacturer?
What was true of the automobile industry during the 1920s?
What was Bruce Barton’s book The Man Nobody Knows (1925) about?
What was true of the American stock market in the 1920s?
In what way was the Florida land boom like the stock market in the 1920s?
What was the least prosperous sector of the economy during the 1920s?
What led to the explosive growth of Los Angeles in the 1920s?
What contributed to the homogenization of American culture during the 1920s?
What year did the first commercial radio station begin broadcasting?
What was the most popular spectator sport of the 1920s?
Who was the great male film “sex symbol” of the 1920s?
Who was the most popular hero of the 1920s?
In the 1920s, what were the intellectuals who left America and became expatriates called?
Who was H. L. Mencken and why was he important?
Who were the artists and writers of the Harlem Renaissance and why were they important?
What did Marcus Garvey encourage black people to do?
Which of the following statements best describes fashionable Americans in their late-teens and early-twenties during the 1920s?
What was a speakeasy and what happened there?
What national experiment was launched by the 18^th Amendment?
What was racketeering and what negative impacts did it have on America?
What describes the activities and beliefs of religious fundamentalists in the 1920s?
Who was the greatest advocate of religious fundamentalism in the 1920s?
What impact did the National Origins Act of 1924 have on immigration?
What were the Restrictive Covenants?
What even sparked the revival of the Ku Klux Klan?
Which statement describing the Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s is most accurate?
What were the activities of the NAACP during the 1920s?
What describes the condition of Asian Americans during the 1920s?
Who was John Collier and why was he important?
Which statement best describes Mexican Americans’ experiences during the 1920s?
What did the Supreme Court of the 1920s favor regarding the rights of labor?
What was the American Plan and why was it important?
Which statement best characterizes American families in the 1920s?
Who was Margaret Sanger and why was she important?
Who was Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon and what were his views on the economy?
Who was Al Smith and what political role did he seek in 1928?
What was the Dawes Plan and why was it important?
What was the Kellogg-Briand Pact and why was it important?
What were Middletowners especially concerned about?

Chapter 24 Dual Credit U. S. History

Review Concepts

What were Herbert Hoover’s beliefs about the role of the federal government in society?
What was the U. S. economy like in the years before the Great Depression?
What were the causes of the Great Depression?
What happened on Black Thursday, October 24, 1929?
What was the relationship between the stock market crash and the Great Depression?
Why were the Balkans called the “powder keg of Europe”?
What was the Harley-Smoot Tariff of 1930?
What was Hoover’s idea of the proper role of the government to the economy called?
In 1929, unemployment was 3%x—what was it by 1933?
What was Hoover’s response to the Stock Market Crash?
How did Hoover attempt to combat the Great Depression?
Why did Hoover oppose direct federal relief to the poor?
What was the Emergency Relief Division of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation?
What did the Bonus Marchers of 1932 demand?
What best describes Hoover’s handling of the Bonus March?
What best describes Franklin D. Roosevelt as a presidential candidate in 1932?
What were Roosevelt’s first acts as president?
What was the Agricultural Adjustment Act?
In Butler v. the United States, what did the Supreme Court rule?
What was the National Recovery Administration?
Why did the Supreme Court declare the National Recovery Administration illegal?
What best describes the impact of the Great Depression on families?
Who were the Scottsboro Nine?
How did the Great Depression affect race relations?
Which statement best describes the Hispanic experience during the Great Depression?
Which statement best describes the experience of white women during the Great Depression?
What was the Civilian Conservation Corps?
What did radio priest Father Charles Coughlin advocate?
What did Senator Huey Long of Louisiana advocate?
What was the Congress of Industrial Organizations?
What was the Works Progress Administration?
How did the WPA and the Social Security system differ?
Who was the Republican Party’s candidate for president in 1936?
What was the Fair Labor Standards Act?
What was FDR’s most dramatic political miscalculation during his presidency?
What was the Wagner Act?
What caused the “Roosevelt Recession”?
What did novels like Erskine Caldwell’s Tobacco Road, John Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath, and Richard Wright’s Native Son portray?
Who was Mary McLeod Bethune?
What was the typical Mexican American response to New Deal policies?
What was the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934?
Which New Deal program was Frances Perkins most clearly associated with?
What was the long-term impact of the New Deal?

Chapter 25 Dual Credit U. S. History

Review Concepts

What did Franklin Roosevelt do upon becoming president?
What did Franklin Roosevelt do when a radical government in Cuba came to power?
In 1938, when Mexican president Lázaro Cádenas nationalized foreign-owned oil properties, what did FDR do?
What best describes FDR’s handling of Latin American affairs before World War II?
How did the U. S. respond to Japan’s seizure of Manchuria?
What led to Senator Gerald P. Nye’s congressional investigation of U. S. entry into World War I?
What was the Neutrality Act of 1935?
What was the U. S. response to Italy’s invasion of Ethiopia in 1935?
What was the Neutrality Act of 1937?
In 1929, unemployment was 3%x—what was it by 1933?
What was indicated by the congressional response to Japan’s sinking of the American gunboat, Panay, in 1937?
How did Britain respond to Hitler’s demand for Czechoslovakian territory?
What did the U. S. State Department do in response to Nazi persecution of the Jews?
What was the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact of 1939?
What was the Neutrality Act of 1939?
What happened in Europe in the spring of 1940?
What did Wendell Willkie do during the presidential election of 1940?
What was the Lend-Lease Bill?
What was FDR’s response to the German invasion of the Soviet Union?
What was the Atlantic Charter?
What were Japanese-American relations like prior to the bombing of Pearl Harbor?
What was going on in Japanese-American relations at the time Pearl Harbor was bombed?
During the war, what was popular American opinion like toward Japanese Americans?
What was Executive Order #9066?
What happened to the New Deal with the outbreak of World War II?
What region of the U. S. benefitted most from defense-based prosperity during the war?
What happened to union membership in American during the war?
What happened in labor relations in America during the war?
What was the Smith-Connally War Labor Disputes Act?
What was the result of the 1944 presidential election?
What was the GI Bill?
What was the work experience of women in industry during the war?
What was Executive Order #8802?
What best describes the African American soldiers experience during the war?
What did the Zoot Suit Riots of 1943 reveal about racial tension in America?
What was American military strategy during the war?
What was Operation Torch?
What was the nature of the early military engagements between the U. S. and Japan?
What happened at Guadalcanal Island?
What happened at the Tehran Conference of 1943?
What was the “popular front”?
Why did tension between the U. S. and Soviet Union grow as the war wound down?
What did the Soviets agree to at the Yalta Conference?
What was the Battle of the Bulge?
What was the 1943 and 1944 U. S. military strategy in the Pacific?
What was the Potsdam Declaration?
How many people were eventually killed at Hiroshima with the atomic bomb?

Chapter 26 Dual Credit U. S. History

Review Concepts

Who was the “Father of Containment”?
What did most Americans hope for after the end of World War II?
By early 1946, what was the outlook of most Soviet officials?
What best describes Winston Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” speech?
On what did the U. S. base its postwar credits and loans?
What did George F. Kennan, American chargé d’affaires in Moscow, believe about the Soviets?
After the war, how did Democrats and Republicans end the possibility of a return to isolationism?
Where did the British and Americans first confront the Soviets after World War II?
In March 1947, where did President Truman ask Congress to send U. S. military aid?
What was the Truman Doctrine?
How did the Soviet Union respond when the U. S. presented a plan to integrate Europe economically?
What was the Marshall Plan and how did the Soviets respond to it?
What led to the Soviet blockade land traffic to and from Berlin?
What was the focus of U. S. foreign policy from 1945-1950?
What was President Truman’s position on the creation of the state of Israel?
Who won the 1950 Nobel Peace Prize for negotiating an end to the 1948 Arab-Israeli War?
What happened in China shortly after World War II?
How did the U. S. respond to the Communist victory in China?
What did the National Security Council of the United Nations recommend in 1950?
What was the situation in Korea when World War II ended?
What were the conditions leading the U. S. to send troops to Korea?
Why did President Truman fire General MacArthur?
By 1952, what was the opinion of most Americans about the war in Korea?
By 1951, why did George Kennan object to the growing number of American commitments aboard?
What was President Truman’s outlook on labor after World War II?
What happened to many blue collar workers after the war?
What was the Taft-Hartley Act?
What did President Truman do relevant to advancing civil rights in America?
What happened during the 1948 presidential election?
What did southern Democrats do in 1948 when their party endorsed civil rights?
In 1949, what happened to the proposed creation of a national health care system?
How did President Truman respond to the charge that there were Communists within the U. S. government?
What was the House Un-American Affairs Committee?
Who was Alger Hiss?
How did the Supreme Court respond to the “Red Scare”?
What was the Julius and Ethel Rosenberg spy case?
What had Senator Joseph McCarthy accomplished prior to embarking on his anti-Communist crusade?
Who was Joe McCarthy and what impact did he have in American history?
Why did President Truman withdraw from the presidential race in 1952?
What happened to U. S. suburbs after World War II?
What was the experience of minorities in America immediately after World War II?

Chapter 27 Dual Credit U. S. History

Review Concepts

What was Dwight David Eisenhower’s “modern republicanism”?
What was the “termination policy”?
Why did the successful launching of a Soviet satellite create panic across the U.S.?
What accounted for Eisenhower’s popularity during the 1952 campaign?
What led to the discrediting of Senator Joseph McCarthy’s anti-Communist crusade?
What was the basis for the Eisenhower “New Look” foreign policy?
During the 1950s, what did most developing countries associate the West with?
What did the CIA specialize in under Allen Dulles?
What caused U. S. problems in Iran during the 1950s?
What was President Eisenhower’s response to the 1956 attack by Israel on Egypt and the subsequent seizure of the Suez Canal by Britain and France?
To what Middle Eastern country did Eisenhower commit troops to protect a pro-American government in 1958?
How did the U. S. respond when the new president of Guatemala began nationalizing land owned by United Fruit Company?
What happened in Cuba in 1959 when Fidel Castro led a revolution?
What was the Geneva Agreement?
Prior to 1954, what nation dominated Vietnam?
What happened in Vietnam during Eisenhower’s presidency?
What did Georgii Malenkov call for after the death of Joseph Stalin?
What caused the Soviets to withdraw from a planned summit meeting in 1960?
What was the emphasis of American child-rearing in the 1950s?
How did U. S. auto manufacturers try to boost sales during the 1950s?
What percentage of middle class American women worked for wages in 1960?
Why did most Americans justify the suppression of beatniks and homosexuals in the 1950s?
What were the themes in books like The Lonely Crowd (1950) and Catcher in the Rye (1951)?
What was portrayed in the film Rebel Without a Cause?
What did American Sociologists believe about “rock ‘n roll”?
What was the Baghdad Pact?
What alternatives did the U. S. have to avoid a nuclear solution to international problems?
What happened to the focus of the Cold war after 1953?
What was the Eisenhower Doctrine?
What did American multinational corporations do during the 1950s?
What is true about American white collar workers by 1956?
How did unions respond to changes in the labor market during the 1950s?
What was Brown v. Board of Education (1954); what did the NAACP argue during the case; and what was the Supreme Court ruling in the case? (two questions)
What role did President Eisenhower play in the 1957 effort to desegregate Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas?
What sparked the 1955-1956 Montgomery, Alabama bus boycott?
Who did the Montgomery, Alabama bus boycott bring to national prominence?
What best describes the Eisenhower Administration’s role in the civil rights movement?

Chapter 28 Dual Credit U. S. History

Review Concepts

What did Stokeley Carmichael do with the SNCC?
How did John F. Kennedy offset his liabilities as a presidential candidate in 1960?
What accounts for JFK’s victory in the 1960 election?
How did JFK secure the black vote in 1960?
How did JKF construct his staff and cabinet?
What did the government call the U. S. program to send a manned flight to the moon and back?
How did African Americans challenge segregated lunch counters in 1960?
What did JFK accomplish his first two years in office?
What was the freedom rider incident and why was it important?
What ended the freedom rider movement?
What happened to the first African American student admitted to the University of Mississippi?
What was Martin Luther King’s Birmingham campaign?
What happened during the civil rights movement’s 1963 March on Washington?
What was JFK’s defense strategy called?
How did JFK propose stopping the spread of communism?
What was the Alliance of Progress?
What was Operation Mongoose?
How did JFK respond to the discovery of missile sites in Cuba?
After the Cuban Missile Crisis, what happened to U. S. – Soviet relations?
How did JFK handle the Vietnam War?
What did the Warren Commission conclude?
How did Lyndon Johnson expand JFK’s domestic agenda?
What was the Civil Rights Act of 1964?
What did LBJ’s War on Poverty emphasize?
What was Volunteers in Service to America?
What was the nature of the 1964 presidential election?
What was the major goal for African American civil rights leaders in the 1960s?
What eliminated the poll tax?
What was the Voting Rights Act of 1965?
What items were at the4 top of LBJ’s domestic agenda?
Why did race riots break out in the mid-1960s?
What immediately preceded the Watts Riot of 1965?
What was the focus of most “black power” advocates?
Who founded the Black Muslims?
In what city was the Black Panther organization founded?
How did whites respond to the growing race riots and black militancy of the 1960s?
What was the argument of Betty Friedan’s Feminine Mystique?
What was the central criticism of student activists on college campuses during the 1960s?
Why did Students for a Democratic Society maintain?
Who was Timothy Leary?
What event symbolized the power of counterculture values to promote cooperation and happiness?
Which African American leader worked hardest to define what “Black Power” meant?

Chapter 29 Dual Credit U. S. History

Review Concepts

What statement best characterizes the activities of the Supreme Court in the 1960s?
What took place in 1963 in Crystal City, Texas?
The term “Chicano” became popular among Mexican-Americans who advocated what?
What brought Hispanic-American leader César Chávez to prominence?
What the experience of American Indians like in the 1960s?
What did American Indian Movement activists to do to dramatize the plight of Indians?
What was the Mann Doctrine for Latin America?
What did President Johnson choose not to escalate the Vietnam War in 1964?
What was the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution?
What was Operation Rolling Thunder?
What was General William Westmorland’s plan to win the Vietnam War?
What was the Ho Chi Minh Trail?
What was the 1968 Tet Offensive?
How did the Johnson Administration respond to growing domestic protest over Vietnam?
Why was the Tet Offensive considered a victory for the North Vietnamese?
What individual’s announcement that there would be no victory in Vietnam led President Johnson to lament, “I have lost Mr. Average Citizen”?
What did President Johnson’s circle of advisers conclude following the Tet Offensive?
What happened in the 1968 New Hampshire Democratic primary?
When Lyndon Johnson announced that he would not seek an additional term, what did he also announce?
Which 1968 Democrat candidate for president was closest to President Johnson’s foreign and domestic policies?
What was the 1968 Democratic Convention in Chicago like?
Which presidential candidate in 1968 appealed most strongly to Americans upset by civil rights legislation and antiwar protests?
What best described the outcome of the 1968 presidential election?
Who was Henry Kissinger and why was he important?
How did Kissinger and President Nixon try to restructure the Cold War?
What was the policy of Vietnamization?
What was the Nixon Doctrine?
What happened in the Vietnamese village of My Lai in 1968?
What sparked student unrest at Kent State University in 1970?
What was the reaction of the U. S. Senate when the last troops returned from Cambodia?
What did National Security Adviser Henry Kissinger think would happen to the South Vietnamese government after the 1973 cease-fire?
What was the War Powers Act?
How did the Vietnam War finally end?
In 1971, why did China want better relations with the U. S.?
When a socialist-Marxist government came to power in Chile, what did the U. S. do?
What government agency did President Nixon play a key role in forming?
What was the name of the new economic phenomenon emerging in 1971?
During the 1960s, which region of the U. S. experienced growth because of its economic opportunities and climate?
What impact did President Nixon have on the composition of the Supreme Court?
Why did many Democrats object to the 1972 nomination of George McGovern for president?
What were “Plumbers” supposed to investigate?
Which White House staffer implicated President Nixon in the Watergate cover-up?
Who did the 1974 Watergate grand jury name as an “unindicted co-conspirator” in the Watergate cover-up?
What did César Chávez do when traditional labor protests failed to work?

Fall Final Exam Dual Credit U. S. History

Review Concepts

What was the major goal of the explorers who followed Columbus?
What was the Columbian Exchange?
How did Europeans obtain slaves from Africa?
How did Calvinists believe happiness on earth could be obtained?
What was the Treaty of Tordesillas (1493)?
What did Bartholomé de las Casas maintain?
What was explorer Henry Hudson looking for?
Who did the French in Louisiana make alliance with?
What was the greatest problem for the Jamestown settlers during the early period of settlement?
What saved Jamestown from failure as a colony?
What was the fate of many Virginian indentured servants?
How did the Massachusetts Bay Colony differ from the Virginia Colony?
How did England’s elite class view the American colonies?
What were the main points of John Locke’s political essays?
What were the beliefs of Jonathan Edwards?
How did British Prime Minister William Pitt handle the French and Indian War differently than his predecessors?
What were the results of British victory in the Seven Years War?
What was the first direct tax imposed on the colonies?
What did Edmund Burke argue in the House of Commons regarding colonial policy?
What did Thomas Paine argue in Common Sense?
What was a flaw in General Howe’s strategy for using colonial Loyalists?
What happened at the Battle of Saratoga (1777)?
Who was Benedict Arnold and why was he important?
What were the terms of the Treaty of Paris (1783) ending the Revolutionary War?
In supporting ratification of the Constitution, what did Alexander Hamilton hope to see accomplished?
What were the Articles of Confederation?
What was the Three-Fifths Compromise?
How did Thomas Jefferson and James Madison differ from Alexander Hamilton?
What were the Alien and Sedition Acts and how did Republicans perceive them?
In what way did Dominique Toussaint L’Ouverture facilitate the Louisiana Purchase?
How far did the Lewis and Clark Expedition get?
How did the Louisiana Purchase impact Jefferson’s Indian policy?
What was James Wilkinson’s role in the “Burr Conspiracy”?
In what way did the War of 1812 catch the U. S. unprepared?
How did Napoleon’s defeat in 1814 impact America?
What happened at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend?
Other than poor roads, what other factor made commercial activity difficult in the West?
Who was Henry Miller Shreve and what did he accomplish?
What did the Adams-Onís Treaty accomplish?
What was the Missouri Compromise?
Was slavery really profitable?
Which choice best describes small white farmers in the South?
What was a typical slaveholder like?
What were antebellum planters like?
What was the preaching style of Charles G. Finney like?
What is the indirect message of the slave folktale about Br’er Rabbit and Br’er Fox?
Who was Nat Turner and why was he important?
Why did Andrew Jackson’s opponents call themselves “Whigs”?
What were Stephen F. Austin’s efforts to settle Texas like?
What were the underlying causes of westward migration?
What was Manifest Destiny?
How was the Oregon border dispute with England settled?
What happened at the 1848 Seneca Falls, New York Convention?
Why was Harriet Beecher Stowe a significant literary figure?
What was the Gadsden Purchase?
Why did John Brown attack the federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry?
When the Civil War began, what was the biggest challenge faced by both president Lincoln and Davis?
What position did the British take during the American Civil War?
Why was the Battle of Shiloh important?
Who was General George B. McClellan and what was he like as a military leader?
What was the Emancipation Proclamation?
What did the end of slavery force Southerners of both races to do?
What was Lincoln’s “Ten-Percent Plan”?
What was the Thirteenth Amendment?
What were “Black Codes” passed by Southern legislatures in late-1865 and 1866?
What was the Fifteenth Amendment?

Spring Final Exam Dual Credit U. S. History

Review Concepts

What was the Homestead Act of 1862 designed to do?
How did Andrew Carnegie help transform the organizational structure of U. S. manufacturing?
What was the Social Darwinist philosophy of Herbert Spencer and William Graham Sumner?
How did John D. Rockefeller revolutionize the American petroleum industry?
What is true about most late-19^th century immigrants who arrived in America?
What was the “new middle class” of the late-19^th century?
What best describes the construction of western railroads?
What best describes the development of mining in the post-Civil War American West?
What city dominated cultural and economic activity in the late-19^th century West?
What was Social Gospel?
What was the political platform of the Populists?
How did Booker T. Washington respond to the movement toward segregation and disenfranchisement?
What was the Progressive Movement?
Why did Margaret Sanger attract national attention in 1916?
Who was W. E. B. Du Bois and why was he important?
Why did Woodrow Wilson finally withdraw U. S. troops from Mexico?
What was the Zimmerman Telegram?
What was the Creel Committee?
What most accounts for Henry Ford’s success as an automobile manufacturer?
What was the Dawes Plan?
What was the Kellogg-Briand Pact?
What were the causes of the Great Depression?
What were the first acts of Franklin D. Roosevelt as president?
What was the Wagner Act?
Why did Gerald P. Nye conduct a congressional investigation to explain the entry of America in World War I?
What was the Neutrality Act or 1937?
What was the Lend-Lease bill?
What was the “Iron Curtain” speech given by Winston Churchill?
What was the Truman Doctrine?
What did President Truman do to advance the cause of civil rights?
What did Fidel Castro to in Cuba in 1959?
How did both Eisenhower and Truman believe that communism’s spread could be halted?
What accounts for the popularity of Eisenhower in the 1952 presidential campaign?
How did John F. Kennedy offset his liabilities as a candidate when he ran for president in 1960?
What was the main factor leading to Kennedy’s victory in the 1960 presidential election?
How did Kennedy secure the black vote in 1960?
Why did President Lyndon Johnson choose not to escalate the Vietnam War in early-1964?
How did the Johnson Administration respond to growing domestic protest over Vietnam?
Who was Henry Kissinger?
What sparked student unrest at Kent State University in 1970?
What did President Johnson’s circle of advisers conclude following the Tet Offensive?
Which White House staffer implicated President Nixon in the Watergate cover-up?
Who did President Jimmy Carter broker a peace treaty between in the “Camp David Accords”?
What was Roe v. Wade and why was it a landmark Supreme Court decision?
What was the emphasis of Ronald Reagan’s presidential campaign of 1980?
What was Jerry Falwell and what was the “Moral Majority”?
What did the Clinton campaign of 1992 stress?
Who industry is centered in the “Silicon Valley”?
In the 1992 presidential election, who was H. Ross Perot and why was he important?
What member of George W. Bush’s cabinet opposed the use of force to remove Saddam Hussein from power?

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