CHAPTER RESOURCES AND OUTLINES
Social Studies
UNIT 1: The American Revolution
Chapter 4: Life in the Colonies (1650–1750)
Portrait of abolitionist Harriet Tubman
Courtesy the Library of Congress
Chapter Outline
Section 1: Governing the Colonies
Section 2: Colonial Society
Section 3: Slavery in the Colonies
Section 4: The Spread of New Ideas
Summary
The United States' economy relied heavily upon slave labor. The Civil War was a direct outgrowth of the country's divisions over slavery. Compared to Europe, colonists had greater opportunity to change social class. Enlightenment thinkers like Locke and Montesquieu, who emphasized rational thinking, helped inspire the Revolution, the Constitution, and slavery's end. These ideas continue to help shape American democratic thought today.
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Chapter 5: The Road to Revolution (1745–1776)
Colonists react to Parliament's imposition of tax on tea
Courtesy Corel Professional Photos
Chapter Outline
Section 1: Trouble on the Frontier
Section 2: The Colonists Resist Tighter Control
Section 3: From Protest to Rebellion
Section 4: The War Begins
Summary
The events leading up to the American Revolution began with various actions by the British designed to exert control over the colonies. The Proclamation of 1763, the Sugar Act, the Quatering Act, and the Stamp Act, all added to the friction between colonists and the British. The colonists grew resentful of having to obey British law, without having any voice in Parliament. The passage of the Tea Act was one of the final acts that finally led to open war between the colonies and Great Britain. The fighting at Lexington and Concord in 1775 marked the beginning of the American Revolution. When the war began, both sides were expecting a very fast resolution.
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Chapter 6: The American Revolution (1776–1783)
The Boston Massacre: one of many incidents leading up to the American Revolution
Courtesy the Library of Congress
Chapter Outline
Section 1: A Nation Declares Independence
Section 2: A Critical Time
Section 3: The War Widens
Section 4: Winning Independence
Summary
The Declaration of Independence, which was approved by Congress on July 4, 1776, clearly spelled out the reasons the colonies wanted their freedom and independence. Fundamentally, the document charged that King George had violated the colonists' natural rights. The Revolutionary War became a war fought to protect and expand the ideas of rights and self-government that were drawn from the Enlightenment. The American War for Independence was the first time in the history of the world that a colony had successfully rebelled against its ruling country.
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Chapter 7: Creating the Constitution (1776-1790)
Painting of George Washington heading the Constitutional Convention
Courtesy Collection of the Architect of the Capitol
Chapter Outline
Section 1: Governing a New Nation
Section 2: The Constitutional Convention
Section 3: Debating the Constititution
Summary
Weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation convinced leaders of the United States that the country needed a strong central government. After months of intense debate, delegates to the Constitutional Convention agreed on a new plan of government. The states approved the Constitution, but many of the states insisted that it also include a bill of rights.
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Chapter 8: Launching a New Nation (1789-1800)
Painting of the Capitol in 1800
Courtesy Library of Congress
Explore the chapter's Essential Question.Chapter Outline
Section 1: Launching a New Nation
Section 2: The Birth of Political Parties
Section 3: Troubles at Home and Abroad
Section 4: The Presidency of John AdamsSummary
George Washington took office as the first President of the United States. He oversaw the creation of new federal departments and asked Alexander Hamilton to serve as secretary of the treasury. Soon two political parties began to take shape—the Federalists and the Republicans.
Under Washington, the United States dealt with challenges from Native Americans in the Northwest Territory and from the British navy at sea. Later, political divisions grew bitter during the presidency of John Adams, as he struggled to keep peace with France.
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Chapter 9: The Era of Thomas Jefferson (1800–1815)
Shawnee leader Tenskwatawa
Courtesy Library of Congress
Chapter Outline
Section 1: Jefferson Takes Office
Section 2: The Louisiana Purchase and Lewis and Clark
Section 3: A Time of Conflict
Section 4: The War of 1812
Summary
The election of Thomas Jefferson to the presidency in 1800 marked the end of the Federalist era. Jefferson hoped to limit the federal government's power over the states and over the economy. Yet, he took the opportunity to double the size of United States by purchasing the Louisiana Territory from France. Then, Jefferson sent an expedition led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to explore this vast region.
During Jefferson's presidency, disputes with Britain and with Native Americans in western territories continued. In 1812, conflicts with Great Britain and the Native Americans led to war. Although the War of 1812 did not resolve British-American disputes, many Americans considered the war a victory.
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Chapter 10: A Changing Nation (1815–1840)
A flag with a log cabin and blue stars used in William H. Harrison's presidential campaign
Courtesy Library of Congress
Chapter Outline
Section 1: Building a National Identity
Section 2: Dealing With Other Nations
Section 3: The Age of Jackson
Section 4: Indian Removal
Section 5: Finance and States' Rights
Summary
After the War of 1812, America entered a new period of national pride and identity. Yet, economic and cultural differences among the North, the South, and the West emerged, causing some conflict. On the international scene, a confident United States challenged European interest in the Americas by issuing the Monroe Doctrine. At the same time, democracy in the United States was on the rise as more adult white males could vote and hold office. Yet, women, African Americans, and Native Americas were excluded from suffrage and from political life.
In 1824, Andrew Jackson became President, supported by those who saw him as the "People's President." As President, Jackson was a controversial figure, defying a Supreme Court ruling by ordering the forced removal of Native American nations from the Southeast. Jackson opposed the nullification of federal laws by states during the tariff crisis, and successfully blocked renewing the charter of the second Bank of the United States.
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Chapter 13: Westward Expansion (1820–1860)
Westport Landing by William Henry Jackson
Courtesy National Park Service
Chapter Outline
Section 1: The West
Section 2: Trails to the West
Section 3: Conflict with Mexico
Section 4: A Rush to the West
Summary
By the mid-1800s, many Americans wanted the nation to extend westward to the Pacific Ocean. To journey westward, traders and settlers had to travel along difficult and dangerous trails. While the Mormons migrated to Utah, other settlers flocked to California in search of gold. Farther south, the Texas War for Independence led to conflict and war between the United States and Mexico.
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Unit 4: Growth of a Nation
Review Chapter 10 Sections 3 and 4
Chapter 11: The North and South Take Different Paths (1800–1845)
The North and South Take Different Paths (1800–1845)
Women laborers at work in an early textile mill
Courtesy Library of Congress
- Discover a Steam Engine
Explore the inner workings of a steam engine and how this invention revolutionized the textile industry in the 1800s. - Roads and Canals, 1820–1850
Explore the roads and canals that allowed the transportation of people and goods to western lands.
Chapter Outline
Section 1: The Industrial Revolution
Section 2: The North Transformed
Section 3: The Plantation South
Section 4: The Challenges of Growth
Summary
The Industrial Revolution brought great changes to the way in which people lived and worked. Inventions that mechanized the textile industry made factory work the most efficient way to spin thread and weave cloth. In the United States, most textile factories opened in the North, while the South's economy relied on agriculture. The invention of the cotton gin increased the South's dependence on the labor of enslaved African Americans. At the same time, settlers were moving west. Debates raged in Congress over the spread of slavery to the western territories. These debates heightened tensions between the North and the South.
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Chapter 12: An Age of Reform (1820–1860)
Temperance movement cartoon
Courtesy Library of Congress
Explore the chapter's Essential Question.
Chapter Outline
Section 1: Improving Society
Section 2: The Fight Against Slavery
Section 3: A Call for Women's Rights
Section 4: American Literature and Arts
Summary
By the mid-1800s, people were seeking reform in many areas of American life, including education, ending slavery, female and suffrage. Abolitionists sought to end slavery in the United States. Other reformers worked toward winning political and economic rights for women. At the same time, American artists, writers, and musicians developed a distinct style that set them apart from the European style.
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