ANCIENT GREECE: CHAPTER 6 OUTLINE

Section I. EARLY GREEK CIVILIZATION

1. I.                    The Geography of Greece

 

• The land of Greece looks as if the sea had __________________________________________
• Some pieces have drifted away to form ____________________________________________. Others seem to barely __________________________________________________________.
• Greece is a peninsula made up of _________________________________________________.
• __________________________ are the major landforms of Greece. Greece’s islands are mostly _____________________________ leaving only small patches of ________________________.
• Only about ___________________ of Greece is good for growing crops, so many Greeks became ____________________________________________________________.
• Many ancient Greek communities were separated by ___________________________ or _____________________________, therefore each community developed its ______________

_____________________________________________________________________________.

• Despite this, they shared a ____________________________, spoke the __________________ ___________________, and worshiped the _______________________________.

 

1. II.                  The Rise of Greek Civilization 

 

• Early Greek civilizations arose both on and off the Greek ____________________________. Two ancient peoples, the ___________________________and the ___________________________, made important contributions to Greek civilization.
• From about __________________ to about _________________ B.C., Bronze Age people called the __________________________ lived on the island of Crete. The Minoans developed a broad sea-trade network and traded with mainland Greece, Egypt, and _________________________.
• The ___________________________ developed an advanced culture. Samples of _________________________ writing have been found as well as palace ruins in the ancient city of Knossos.
• In the middle of the ______________________ B.C., Knossos was destroyed, probably by the ____________________________________, and Minoan civilization _____________________. 
• After the __________________________ came to power, mainland and island cultures blended.
• At the height of their power, around _________________ B.C., the Mycenaeans controlled the _________________________________ and parts of the Mediterranean.
• The Mycenaeans relied on ____________________________ to spread their power. Greek myth tells the story of the ______________________________, a long struggle between Greece and the city of ______________________ on the west coast of _____________________________.
• According to Myth, Greece conquered _____________________________ by using a trick—the __________________________.  Greek warriors hid inside a huge wooden _________________. The __________________________________ was rolled to the city gates. Thinking it was a ________________, the Trojans brought the _____________ into their city. During the night, the Greek soldiers climbed out of the _____________ and let the rest of their army into Troy. The Greeks ______________________________________________________ returned home.
• The ____________________ and the _________________________ tell the story of the Trojan War. They may have been composed by many people, but they are credited to one poet called ______________________________.
• These poems were important to the Greeks because they taught them _____________________

____________________________________ and how __________________________________

________________________________________________.

• Not long after the Trojan War ended, civilization in Greece _____________________________. No one knows exactly why.
• _________________________________ was everywhere and people no longer traded beyond Greece for food and other goods.
• They were so concerned with _______________________ that they even forgot the practice of _________________________________.
• These years, from the early __________________ B.C. to about ______________ B.C. have been called Greece’s ______________________________.
• Greece’s __________________________ were not completely bleak, however. During that time, families gradually resettled in places where they could grow crops and raise animals. Villages _____________________________ and people built ________________________ near rocky, protected hills.
• The name for the fortified hill of an ancient Greek city is _______________________, meaning “___________________________________________.”

 

1. III.                Governing Ancient Greece

• Historians believe that around ___________________________ B.C., villages throughout Greece began joining to form ___________________________.
• Each city formed near an __________________________________.
• Hundreds of Greek city-states formed, each one more or less ____________________________.
• The earliest rulers of city-states were probably ____________________ or _________________. By the end of the Greece’s ________________________________, most city-states were ruled by ______________________________ who controlled most of the good land and owned horses, chariots, and the best weapons. 
• As the Greeks sailed to foreign ports trading ______________________, _________________, and other products, the city-states became _____________________
• A middle class of _________________________ and ____________________ developed and they wanted a say in the _____________________________ of their cities.
• Gradually, military strength shifted from the ___________________________ to the ________________________ and __________________________________.
• As a result, ______________________ governments were often overthrown and replaced by rulers called __________________ who were supported by the ________________________ and ________________________________ classes.
• Eventually, the people of many city-states overthrew _____________________________ who were too harsh. Some adopted a form of government called a __________________________ where citizens governed themselves.
• ____________________________________ was most fully developed in Athens where, about ______________, a leader named _________________________ reformed laws to allow _____________________________ citizens aged 18 or older to debate important laws.
• In Athens only men who had an __________________________ mother and father could be citizens.

Section 2: RELIGION, PHILOSOPHY, AND THE ARTS 

1. I.                    The Golden Age of Athens

 

• The Golden Age of Athens lasted from ____________________________.  During this period, __________________________ and the _______________________ flourished in Athens, and _____________________________________ reached its high point.
• During the Golden Age, Athens grew rich from __________________________ and from __________________________________ mined by slaves. Athens also collected a ______________________________ from both its allies and conquered peoples.
• For about thirty years during Athens’ Golden Age, ____________________________________ (c. 495-429 B.C.) was the most powerful man in Athenian politics.
• ______________________________ was a member of an aristocratic family, but he supported _________________________. He introduced reforms that strengthened democracy such as requiring the city to pay a _____________________________ to its officials. This allowed __________________________________________________________________________.

 

1. II.                  Religious Beliefs in Ancient Greece 

 

• Greeks worshiped a family of gods and goddesses called the ___________________________

________________________________________. Each ruled a different area of human life and the natural world. 

• The Greeks took care in honoring their gods. They expressed their ______________________ to them and asked for __________________________________________. They also tried to avoid ________________________________________.
• Zeus was the king of the gods and goddesses, ruler of the _____________________________, and __________________________________________________________.
• Hera was wife and queen to Zeus and the goddess of __________________________________.
• Apollo was the son of Zeus and the god of ___________________________________________.
• Athena was the wise daughter of ____________________________ and the goddess of ______________________. She was also the _____________ goddess who defended her cities.
• Poseidon was Zeus’ brother, the god of the ___________________, of ___________________, ___________________________________________, and ___________________.
• Wherever they lived, the Greeks built ___________________________ to the gods.
• Although the Greeks worshiped all their gods, each city-state honored ____________________

_____________________________________________________________________.

• To honor Zeus, the city-states came together every four years for an  ______________________ and ________________________________________________ .
• Oracles were sacred sites where a god or goddess was consulted for ______________________ or asked to provide a _______________________________________________. Sometimes the advice came through ________________________ or was given in the form of a ___________________________ delivered by a priest or priestess believed to be able to hear the _____________________________________________________.
• Most Greeks believed that their gods were the source of all _____________________________, but about 150 years before the Golden Age of Athens, some people thought about other ways besides ____________________________________ to understand the world.
• Philosophers believed that people could use the powers of the ______________________ and _________________________________ to ___________________________________.
• Thales, one of the first philosophers, believed that _____________________________________ _______________________________of the world.
• Democritus, who lived in the 400’s B.C., thought everything was made of ___________________ __________________________________called ______________________________.
• Beginning in the 600’s B.C., writers and traveling teachers called _________________________, gained popularity.
• They were skilled speakers who cleverly debated topics in public, but many feared they were more interested in __________________________ than seeking the______________________.
• During the Golden Age, the ideas of three men ______________________________, ______________________, and __________________________ had a lasting effect on modern learning and thinking.
• Using the marketplace as his classroom, ____________________________ eagerly discussed ______________________________ and ___________________________ with the people of Athens and asked questions that challenged their beliefs. His questions often _____________________ and ______________________ many Athenians.
• In 399 B.C. ___________________________ was brought to trial and accused of _____________ _________________________and ________________________________. He was sentenced to _____________________.
• Much of what is known about Socrates comes from the writings of ____________________, one of his ______________________________.
• Socrates’ death caused Plato to mistrust ______________________________. In ______________________________, Plato wrote that society should be made up of three groups: __________________________________, ____________________________, and ____________________________________.

 

1. III.                Visual and Dramatic Arts

 

• The Greeks used visual arts, such as __________________________________ and ______________________________, to glorify and honor their gods.
• The Greeks are also known as the first ___________________________________ because they wrote the first plays.
• The Acropolis, the ___________________________ center of Athens, was __________________ in 480 B.C. during one of the city’s many wars.
• Pericles decided to rebuild the Acropolis and create new buildings to _____________________

____________________________________.

• The builders of the new Acropolis brought Greek ___________________________________ to its ___________________________________.
• Their most magnificent work was the __________________________, a temple to the goddess _____________________________________.
• Greek architects based the design of the Parthenon and other buildings on a figure called the _______________________________________. A _____________________________________ is one in which the long sides are about _______________ and ___________________________ times the length of the short sides.
• Athenians were the first people to write ________________________.
• Some of the most famous Greek dramas were ______________________________.
• Between scenes in the play, a __________________________ chanted or sang ___________________. The __________________________ was used to give background information, to _________________ on events, or to _______________________ the gods.
• ___________________________ and _____________________ were important authors of tragedy.
• During the 400’s B.C., writers wrote ________________________ that made fun of well-known citizens and politicians and also made jokes about the _________________________ of the day.
• __________________________________ is probably the best-known Greek comic playwright.

Section 3: DAILY LIFE IN ATHENS

1. I.                    Life in Public

• All Greek cities had agoras or ______________________ and ___________________________.
• Just as the Acropolis was the center of Athens religious life, the Agora was the center of its _______________________________________.
• In the Agora, men talked of ____________________ and _________________________ or just gossiped.
• The streets were lined with ___________________ and farmers and artisans sold their wares from stands set up under __________________________________.
• Just about any ___________________________ an Athenian would want could be found in the Agora and sheep’s wool, _______________________, _________________________, ________________, and ____________________________________ were sold as well.
• __________________________ and __________________________________ lined the agora.

1. II.                  At Home in Athens

 

• The grand public buildings of Athens contrasted with the ___________________________ of people’s houses, even during the __________________________________.
• Throughout Greece, private homes were _____________________________. Most were made of ___________________________ with rooms set around an open ______________________ hidden from the street.
• The _________________________________ was the center of the household.
• The ancient Greeks ate ___________________________. Most Athenians ate little __________ because there was _______________________________________ or extra money to raise ____________________. Even wealthy families ate ___________________ only during religious ______________________________________.
• ____________________________ was where most Athenian women spent their days. They had almost none of the _______________________ that their husbands, sons, and fathers probably took for granted.
• They could not take any part in _____________________. Nor could they _________________.
• They could not own ___________________________. One of the very few official roles allowed them was to be a ____________________________ in religious ceremonies.
• Running the ______________________ and ____________________ was the job of women.
•  They organized the ______________________ and ________________________, looked after supplies of ______________________ and wine, and cared for __________________________.
• Women also kept track of the family _________________________________. If a family owned ______________________, they were the woman’s responsibility as well.
• Historians estimate that as many as __________________ slaves may have lived in Athens. That is almost _______________________________ of the population at that time.
• Many free people were _____________________________ when they were captured by armies during _____________________ or by _________________________ while traveling on ships.
• Enslaved people did many kinds of work. Some provided labor on _____________________. Others dug _________________ and other _____________________ in the mines. Still others assisted ______________________ by making ________________________, constructing buildings, or __________________________ and _________________________.
• Some slaves were able to _____________________________________, but many were not.
• The hard work of slaves meant that the free citizens of Athens could afford to pursue ________, ________________________________, and ______________________________.

 

 

Section 4: SPARTA AND ATHENS

1. I.                    Living in Sparta

 

• Life in Sparta was ___________________. The Spartans themselves were ________________, _________________, and ___________________.
• The Spartan army easily ____________________ Athens in the 400’s B.C. However, Sparta never came close to _________________________ Athens’ other ____________________________.
• In its early days, Sparta seemed to be ____________________ to other Greek cities. Then in the 600’s B.C., wars inside and outside the city led to changes in ___________________________ and the ______________________________________________________.
• The changes turned Sparta into a __________________________________________________.
• The city had made one basic rule: Always ____________________________________________.
• Early in its history the Spartans ______________________________________ around their city.
• The conquered people turned into _____________________ or __________________ of Sparta. 
• ___________________________ did all the ________________________ on the land owned by Spartan citizens, freeing the Spartans to _______________________________.
• However, the helots far outnumbered the Spartans. Living in fear of a _____________________

______________________, the Spartans turned their city into a _________________________.

• The life of every Spartan was in the _________________________________________________ from an early age.
• Community leaders examined each ________________________________. Those thought to be too _____________________ would be ________________________________.
• ____________________________________ began early for boys. At _____________________, a Spartan boy left is home to live in the _____________________________________ with other boys. His training continued for the next __________________________________.
• By the age of 12, a boy had spent long hours practicing with _________________________ and __________________. He had only one _______________ and a thin _______________ to sleep on.
• He could hardly live on the ___________________________ he was given, so he was urged to __________________.
• The Spartans believed that _______________________________ would help him learn how to live off _________________________________________________________________.
• However, if the boy was caught, he was severely ___________________________________.
• Boys were expected to bear _________________________, _____________________________, and ____________________________ in silence.
• Girls also trained and competed in _____________________________ and _________________ throwing. Girls didn’t become ____________________________ but Spartans believed that girls who grew up strong and healthy would have _________________________________________.
• Spartan women had somewhat more ___________________________________ than women in other Greek city-states. They were allowed to ________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________.

• Spartan life lacked the ___________________________ and _______________________ found in Athens and some other Greek cities. 

 

1. II.                  The Persians Invade

 

• Much of Greek history tells of wars they fought among themselves. But near the beginning of the 400’s B.C., a new threat loomed: ______________________________________________.
• By about the mid-500’s B.C., _________________________________________ had founded the ___________________________.
• _______________________________ and later rulers then extended the original empire.
• By 520 B.C., the ______________________ had gained control of the Greek ________________ on the west coast of ___________________________________________.
• In the fall of 490 B.C., a huge force of thousands of ______________________ landed in Greece itself at a place called ___________________________, about _____________________________ of Athens.
• The Athenians hastily put together a small army but the _____________________________ outnumbered them by at least ____________________________________.
• After several tense days, the Athenians rushed the ___________________________ who were overwhelmed _______________________________________________________.
• Within a short time, this tiny state had ______________________________________________

________________________________________________.

• More battles with ___________________________________ followed. The briefly united Greek city-states _______________________________________________________________.
•  

1. III.                Conflict and the Athenian Empire

 

• After the Persians were finally defeated, the influence of ____________________ spread over much of ______________________________________________.
• Athens became partners with other city-states and worked to strengthen __________________ __________________________________within them.
• Over time, these cities became more like _________________________________________.

 

Section 5: THE SPREAD OF GREEK CULTURE

1. I.                    Introduction

 

• Macedonia lay just __________________________________________________________.
•  Alexander thought of himself as a ___________________ and spoke the _________________ language. But the people who lived to the south in such cities as Athens and Sparta did not accept the ______________________________________ as ___________________________. 
• They thought the Macedonians were _______________________________ or wild, ______________________________.
• Alexander’s tutor was _________________________________ but his role model was ________________________________, the mythical war hero of the __________________.

 

1. II.                  Alexander’s Empire

 

• Before King _____________________, Alexander’s father, seized power in _____________ B.C., Macedonia was __________________ and __________________________.
• Philip united ______________________________________________ and built an even stronger ______________________ than _______________________.
• With such an army and his talent for waging war, Philip _________________________________

____________________________________ after another.

• Philip planned to attack _______________________, but in _____________ B.C. he was ____________________________ before he could carry out his plan.
• At the age of _______________, Alexander became _______________.
• One of Alexander’s first actions was to ______________________________________________.
• Within eleven years, the Macedonian king had _________________________ an extensive area including __________________, ___________________, and lands beyond the Indus River to the ___________________________.
• Wherever Alexander went, he established __________________________, many of which he __________________________________________________________________.
• Alexander never _____________________________________.
• After many years of travel and fighting, Alexander’s army was __________________________.
• Not far beyond the _______________________, his troops became so ____________________ that they refused to continue ___________________________________. 
• Alexander was ______________________, but he turned _____________________.
• He got as far as ____________________, where he caught a ________________________. On June 13, _________________ B.C., only ________________________ years after he came to the throne, Alexander _____________________________.

 

1. III.                The Hellenistic Age

 

• With Alexander’s death, his empire began to __________________________.
• Within 50 years, the empire had broken into _________________________________________.
• Each kingdom ____________________ by a _________________________ that had descended from one of Alexander’s ____________________________________________.
• Although the empire broke apart, _______________________________ remained alive and well in the _________________________________________________________________________.
• Hellenistic comes from the word _________________- the name the Greeks gave their land.
•  _______________________ comes from Hellen, one of the sons of Deucalion and Pyrrah.
• When Alexander took control of lands, he tried not to ________________________________

_________________________ of the defeated people.

• He hoped that in his new cities, the _______________________________ would mix with ________________________________________________.
• Instead, _______________________ culture became the strongest _______________________ in the _______________________________________________________.
• The cities of the Hellenistic world were modeled after __________________________________. Greek kings ____________________, and Greeks held the ______________________________.
• There were Greek ______________________________ and _____________________________.
• Citizens gathered at large _________________________________ for performances of old Greek ________________________________.
• The Greek language was _____________________________________, although people in the country spoke the __________________________________________.
• The greatest of all Hellenistic cities was _____________________________________________, founded by Alexander in __________________ B.C.
• ________________________ became the capital of _________________ and it grew famous as a center for _________________________ and _______________________.
• Its double ________________ was dominated by a huge ________________________________ that rose about _______________________________________________________.
• Alexandria was also the _________________________________________ of the Greek world.
• It had the largest ______________________________________ in the world, and _______________________ came from many lands to use its massive collection.
• _________________________ and _______________________ also flourished in Alexandria.
• Around 300 B.C., a mathematician named __________________________ helped extend the branch of mathematics called ______________________________.
• _____________________________ work helped explain the qualities of such figures as squares, angles, _____________________, __________________________, and ___________________.
• Mathematicians today still use ____________________________________________________.
• Greek scientists made important contributions to ___________________________________.
• In about 250 B.C., the Greek scientist ________________________________________________ concluded that earth  _____________________________________.  At the time, however, most scientists believed ________________________ to be the center of the ___________________.
• In Hellenistic times, many scholars knew that earth was ________________. A scholar named ____________________________ calculated the ___________________________ around the earth. His answer, 24,662, was very close to modern measurements.
• Probably the greatest scholar of the Hellenistic Age was _______________________ who studied in Alexandria.
• Archimedes discovered that people can use ___________________________________ and ______________________________ to lift very ______________________________  objects.
• One story claims that Archimedes hoisted __________________________________________ with these devices.