SOCIAL STUDIES OUTLINE : GRADE 8 CHAPTER 11
NORTH AND SOUTH TAKE DIFFERENT PATHS: 1800-1845
Section 1: The Industrial Revolution
- I. A Revolution in Technology
-In the ______________, a great change began that we now call the _________________________. Gradually, _________________ took the place of many ____________________. Much of the ________________ once provided by ______________ and ______________ began to be replaced, first by _______________________________ and then by _______________________.
-The ____________________________ began in __________________ in the ___________________ industry. For _________________ workers had spun _______________ in their homes on ______________________. The ________________ was then woven into _____________ on __________
_____________________. It took nearly _____________ weeks to produce a _________________ of cotton _____________________.
-In the 1760s, the _______________________________ speeded up the ______________________ process. However, _______________ still had to be made by ____________.
-Then, in 1764, _________________ invented the ___________________, a __________________ machine powered by _______________________ rather than _________________________________.
-To house the large _________________________, manufacturers built _____________________ on the _______________________________. The new ________________ created a new way of working, known as the ____________________________. Instead of _____________________ at home (cottage industries), _________________ workers had to go to the ______________________ and begin and end work at _______________.
-Workers now had to keep up with the ______________ instead of working ______________________________________________.
-The system, however, required that ______________________________ be invested in _______________ and __________________. Thus, the mill owners turned to ____________________. Factories proved to be a good investment for the __________________ and _______________________. By 1784, __________________ workers were producing _______ times as much ______________________________________________________.
-Building factories ______________________ had some disadvantages. In _________ season, the machines had ________________. Also, most factories were far ________________________, and labor was hard to find in __________________________________.
-In 1790, ______________________ built the first ___________________
__________________ plant. The steam engine was a _________________ of power. Factories no _______________________________ to be built __________________. They could be built in _________________, where young ____________ and _________________ provided ______________ labor.
-Britain tried to ______________ the ________________ of its industrial _________________. It forbade anyone to take ___________________ about ________________ machinery out of _________________. Skilled workers were________________________________________________.
II. The American Industrial Revolution
-In 1789, a young apprentice in one of ___________________________ decide to _______________________ to the United States. ___________
________________ knew that his knowledge of _____________________ could be worth __________________. He studied ________________ and ____________ the plans of ______________________________. Then, he boarded a ____________ for _________________________.
-In the United States, _________________ joined forces with a wealthy merchant, ______________________. Brown had ________________ a textile mill in __________________________________. Relying entirely on _____________________________, Slater ______________________ a __________________ machine based on ____________________. Slater’s factory began producing ______________________ at a rate never before seen in _______________________________.
-The success of _______________________ marked the beginning of American _________________________. _____________________ began in the Northeast.
-U.S. industry did not grow significantly until ________________________. As the _________________________ blockaded U.S. ports, Americans had to depend on ________________________________________________.
-Before the war ______________________________________ had visited England and seen the latest _____________________________. When he returned to the United States, _________________ and an associate built an ______________________________________________________.
-With several other _____________________, ________________ opened a mill in ________________________________. The mill was organized in a new way. Instead of obtaining __________________________________, Lowell’s _________________ brought together ___________________ and _______________________ in one ___________________.
-After Lowell died in __________, his partners ________________ the business. Wanting better ____________ for their _________________, the partners built a ___________________, with ______________________, a library, and a _____________________. They named their ________ town __________________ after their late partner.
III. The Revolution Takes Hold
-Americans experimented with ________________. One of the most important developments was ____________________. Before the 1800s, skilled _______________________ manufactured ______________, guns, and other mechanical products _____________________. When a part broke, a craftsworker had to ____________________________________
_________________________________________________.
-In the 1790s, American inventor ____________________ devised a system of _________________________________. __________________
_________________________ soon came to be used in the manufacture of other products. Manufacturing became __________________________, and the price of _________________________________.
-Samuel Slater employed ______________ in his ____________________. As time went on, _________________________________ for children and adults became _________________________.
-American _____________ mills, ______________ mines, and steel _____________________ employed children as young as ____________. These children had no opportunities for ________________. They often worked in ___________________________. By 1800, more than a ______________ children between the ages of ______ and ______ worked ___________________.
-Working conditions were ___________________. Factories were poorly ________________. There was no _____________________. Machines were designed to perform a task not __________________________. As a result, many workers were ______________________________________.
-A worker who lost a ____________ or a ____________ received no help. He or she needed to __________________________________________. Business owners provided no __________________ for _______________ workers.
-To keep machines ___________________ as long as possible, workdays lasted __________________________. By 1844, workers were demanding ______________ days, but the ________________________ was far in the future.
Section 2: The North Transformed
I. Northern Cities
-By today’s standards, early American cities were _____________. In the 1800s, however, U.S. cities ____________________. The Industrial Revolution spurred _______________________. As capitalists built more _______________________, agriculture workers were attracted to the new types ________________________________________________.
-As cities along the __________________ became crowded, newly arrived immigrants headed west to places like _________________, Pennsylvania, and __________________________, Kentucky.
-Growing cities faced many _________________. _____________ streets, the absence of good __________________________, and a lack of clean ____________________ encouraged the spread of __________________.
-Citywide ________________ were another common _________________.
II. The Growth of Northern Industry
-New inventions revolutionized _________________________. The most important was the ________________, a device that used ____________
_________________ to send messages quickly over _________________.
-___________________________________ invention worked by sending electrical ____________ over a ___________. A code devised by ______ used shorter and longer ____________________________. In his system, known as _____________________, each letter of the alphabet is represented by its own mix of ___________________________________.
-In 1844, ____________ tested his system. _____________________ soon became part of American life. Thousands of miles of _____________ were ___________________________________________________.
-The mechanical reaper, invented by ______________________________, made it easier for farmers to _____________________________________. The reaper cut stalks of ______________ many times faster ____________________________
______________________________________.
-Improvements in ______________ also speeded up the harvesting of ________. _______________ separate the grains of _____________ from their ____________. Eventually, the mechanical ______________ and the ______________ were put together into __________ machine called a _____________.
-These advances in ________________ also affected ________________. Farm laborers who had been replaced __________________ went to cities to work _____________________________________________________.
-Other inventions revolutionized the way ___________________________. In 1846, __________________ patented a machine that could __________
___________ in fabric. A few years later, __________________ improved on ______________ design. The ______________________ made it much more efficient to produce ________________________. As clothes became less _________________, people of _____________ means began to dress almost as well as __________________________________.
- III. A Transportation Revolution
-Improvements in ___________________ spurred the growth of American __________________. As transportation became ____________ and _________________, factories could make use of ____________________ from __________________. Improved transportation also allowed factory owners to ____________________________________________________.
-In 1807, _________________________, an American inventor, used a ___________ engine to power a ______________. Fulton’s Clermont was the first ______________________________________.
-By the 1850s, Great Britain was producing _________________________. These _____________________________ were faster and could carry more ____________.
-Of all forms of transportation, ____________________ did the most to tie together raw _____________, ___________________, and ___________. Steamboats had to follow the _______________________________, which sometimes _______________ in winter. _________________, however, could be _______________________. By 1840, about ________________ of _______________________ had been built in the United States.
- IV. A New Wave of Immigrants
-The American population _________________ in the 1840s. Millions of __________________________ entered the United States, mostly from _________________________________.
-_________________ had long been under _______________ rule. While the best __________________ was owned by _______________ landlords, the __________ was the staple, or basic, food for most of the population. Then, in 1845, a ______________ destroyed the ________
___________________, leading to a ______________________. The years that followed are often called the ____________________. More than a million people _______________________________________. About a million __________________________________. Many came to ________________.
-___________________ came to America during _________________ as well. Many had taken part in _________________________ against _______________. When the ________________________ failed, the _____________________ fled to the United States.
-Some Americans worried about the growing _____________________. These were ________________. ________________ especially opposed Irish immigration because most of the Irish were __________________.
-One group of __________________ in New York formed a secret ________________. When asked about their secret order, members replied, “______________________.” In time, __________________ became a political party. In 1856, the ___________________________ for President won ______% of the vote. Soon after, the party ________ over the issue of _________________ and _______________________.
- V. African Americans in the North
-Even more than ___________________, African Americans in the North faced _____________________.
-Slavery had ___________________ in the North by the early _______. Free African Americans were _________ by new arrivals from the South. Freedom, however, did not _____________________________. African Americans were often denied the _____________________, and they were not allowed to work in ___________________________________.
-Prejudice against African Americans led to _____________________ of schools and _______________________. As a result, African Americans started their own _________________ and ______________________.
Section 3: The Plantation South
- I. The Cotton Kingdom
-As the North became more __________ and _____________________, the South remained largely ______________. Two events changed life in the South. First, a boom ________________________ caused by the _________________________ created a huge ____________________. Second, a new _____________ ____allowed the South to satisfy that ________________________.
-In 1793, _________________ devised a simple machine that speeded the ___________________________. His _________________ used a spiked ______________ to remove _______________ from cotton ________________.
-Before the introduction of the ________________, the seeds had to be _____________________ of the cotton _________ by ______________. A laborer could clean only a _________________
_________________________________________________________.
-Using the ___________________, a worker could process _______ times more __________________. Cotton growing became more __________________________.
-To grow more cotton, planters used more ______________________. In 1790, there were about ______________________ enslaved African Americans in the United States. By 1860, the census recorded nearly _____________________________.
-Cotton became the ____________________________________ for the United States.
-In the southern “____________________,” society was dominated by owners of ____________________. This small but ____________ class lived in _____________ and sent their children to the ______________. But more _________________ of all southern farmers did not have _______________. They grew ____________ and raised ____________ and _______________.
-Most _____________ whites accepted the system ________________. Many feared that any ____________________ of controls over African Americans might encourage ________________________________. By the 1830s, some people in the ____________________ were urging that slavery be ______________. In response, ______________ whites hardened _________________________________________________.
- II. African Americans in the South
-Not all of the _____________________ African Americans in the South were ________________________. About ______________ were free. Many had purchased _________________________________.
-Laws denied _____________________ even to African Americans who were ____________. By law, they were excluded from all but the most __________________________. Their children were denied the right to __________________________________. African Americans could not _________________, serve on ________________, or testify against _________________________________________________________.
The __________________ of African Americans in the South was never _______________. Slave ___________________ prowled the streets looking ________________________________. They often kidnapped _____________________________________________ and sold them ______________________________________________.
-In spite of all the ____________________________ upon them, many free African Americans made __________________________________
_________________________. Norbert Rillieux ___________________
_____________________________________________. His method of __________________________ made the process _______________, _________________, and less ______________.
-Another African American _________________________, Henry Blair, developed a ___________________________ that reduced the time a _________________________________________________________.
-Enslaved African Americans had __________________________ at all. _____________________ controlled every ____________ of their lives.
-Enslaved African Americans had only one ________________________ against mistreatment: owners looked ____________________________
_________________________ that they needed to keep ____________ and ______________________.
-Families of enslaved African Americans were often _________________ when slave ________________________________________________
___________________________. Many children had only the slightest _________________________________________________________.
-After _______, it was illegal to import ___________________________ to the United States.
-Many African Americans did what they could to ___________________ the slaveholders. Some ____________________ or ________________ not to understand what ________________________________. Others deliberately ________________________________________________. The most daring fled ________________________________________.
-Sometimes, resistance became ___________________. Nat Turner led the most famous ________________ in ____________. Turner said he had a vision that told him to ______________________. He and others _________________ about _____________________. In reprisal, many innocent African Americans were ______________________.
Section 4: The Challenges of Growth
- I. Moving West
-By the 1750s, the _________________________ and the ___________ of Pennsylvania had begun to settle the __________________________ between the ____________________________ coast and the _____________________________________.
-The most famous early pioneer was ___________________________, who, along with about ____________________, cleared a new route to the ____________ in 1775. Called the __________________________, it crossed __________________________ through the _____________
___________________________ in Kentucky. It became the main route across the _________________________.
-By the early 1800s, the flow of __________________________ to the ______________ had become a ________________. Traveling west, though, was __________________. Many early roads began as paths ___________________________________. Not surprisingly, the roads were ____________________. They were ______________________, dotted with ______________________, and easily ________________
_________________________________________________.
- II. Roads and Turnpikes
-Clearly, the nation needed _________________________. Farmers and merchants had to have ______________ to move their _____________ to market _____________________ and ________________________.
-Private companies began to build ____________________________ or _____________________. In ______________, a private company in Pennsylvania built a _________________ between ________________________ and ____________________________. The _________________________________________ was the first _____________________________ road in the United States.
-In marshy areas, wagons traveled on _________________________. This meant a _____________ ride as ________________ bounced over each __________. __________________ roads were a _____________ to horses, because they could _________________________________ if they ________________________________________________.
-The _______________________ was the first federally funded road. Begun in _____________ in Cumberland, _____________________, it stretched to _____________________, in western ________________, by 1818 and reached ___________________, ____________________, by 1850.
- III. Canals
-Slow road travel isolated ________________________________ from _______________________. The fastest, _______________________ way to ship goods was by _________________. However, the major _______________ ran _______________ to ____________________. The solution was ______________ canals from ___________________ to ______________.
In 1816, New York Governor ___________________ proposed a canal from the _________________ to ___________________. Building the canal was a ___________________________ for ________________. The land in upstate __________________ is not _________________. _______________ had to be built to _____________ or ___________ boats in the canal.
-Within two years of its opening in ___________, the canal had paid for itself. ____________________________ came across ______________, passed through the ____________________, and was carried down the _________________ to New York City. Because of its ______________ at the end of the ____________________, New York soon became the _________________________________________________________.
-The success of the ______________________ sparked a surge of canal __________________. In 1829, a canal was built through __________. Canals were soon underway in _______________, ________________, ______________, ________________, and ___________________.
- IV. Extension of Slavery
-Westward expansion __________________________ the nation. It also caused ________________________. The most serious problem was the ___________________________________________________________.
-In 1819, the nation consisted of only 11 “_________________________,” which permitted _________________, and 11 “_____________________,” which ___________________ slavery. However, Missouri had been seeking admission ____________________________________________________.
-Northerners _____________ strongly. Another slave state would upset the _____________ in the Senate where each state had _________________. Adding two more ___________________ from a _____________________ state would make the _______________ more ______________________ than the _______________________.
-In the next session of Congress, _______________________ applied for _____________________ to the Union. Unlike Missouri, ______________ prohibited ___________________. The admission of both a ____________
_________________ and ___________________________ would maintain the ____________________ in the ___________________.
-In 1820, Senator Henry Clay __________________________________ to adopt the ___________________________. It permitted _____________ to be admitted _________________________ as _______________ state and _________________ to be admitted as a ________________ state. In addition, the compromise provided that the Louisiana ________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. The compromise also gave ______________________________________ a clear right to pursue _______________ fugitives into “______________” regions and __________________________________________________.
-The ________________________________ revealed how much sectional ____________________ divided the states ________________________. White ______________________ were not happy that _______________ had given itself the power to ____________________________________. Many northerners, in turn, were angry that ______________________ had allowed _____________________________________________________.
-As Thomas Jefferson observed, the _________________ of feelings about slavery ______________________________________________________. In time, the issue of slavery would ________________________________
____________________________________________________________.