Social Studies Grade 6 Chapter 7 Outline - Powered By OnCourse Systems For Education

ANCIENT ROME CHAPTER OUTLINE

SECTION 1: THE ROMAN REPUBLIC

I. Introduction

A legend is told of how two brothers, _______________ and _________________ founded the city of Rome.
They were the children of a princess and __________________, the Roman god of __________.
A jealous king feared the twins would someday ___________________________from him, so he ordered that ________________________________________________________________.
However, a mother _____________________ rescued the _________________.
Then a _____________________ found the twins and raised them ______________________.
The twins grew up, _________________________________ and went off to build their own city.
At a place where seven hills rise above the _________________________, they founded the city of _____________________.

II. Rome’s Geography

From Rome’s founding, we learn that the Romans valued _______________________________.
People who broke the law would be ________________________, just as the ______________ in the legend was _______________________________.
The Romans also believed that having the ____________________________________________ was very important.
The ________________________________ on which Rome was founded made the area easy to __________________________.
The soil was also ______________________ and the area had a good _____________________.
From the mountains of central Italy, the ________________________________ flowed through Rome before emptying into the ___________________________________________________.
Rome was also at the center of the ____________________________________ now called Italy. Italy was at the center of the _____________________________________________, and the _______________________________________ was at the center of the known Western world.
We know very little about the people who actually founded Rome, but we do know that their first settlements date from ________________________________________
About 600 B.C., a group of people called the _____________________________ took power in Rome, but the Romans drove them out in ______________________.
Although the Romans defeated the _______________________, they adopted _______________________.
Many of the Roman gods were originally __________________________________, the Romans borrowed the _____________________________ the Etruscans used, and the Roman garment called the ____________________ came from the Etruscans.

III. Romans Form a Republic

After defeating the Etruscans, the Romans vowed never to put so much trust in ____________.
They wanted a government that did not ____________________________________________.
The Romans created a new form of government called a ____________________ where citizens who have the right to____________________________________________________________.
The leaders rule in the _________________________ of the ____________________.
The Roman republic was led by two chief officials called ______________________.
The most powerful part of the government, however, was a group called the _______________.
The Senate advised the consuls on foreign affairs, laws, and ______________________.
At first, the Senate was made up of only 300 ___________________________________, __________________________ called __________________.
Ordinary citizens were known as ___________________________.
In the early republic, _____________________ could not hold office or be _________________.
In 367 B.C., a new law said that at least one ______________ had to be ___________________.
From that point on, ________________________ could also be ___________________.
The power of the ____________________ was limited. They could only rule for _____________ year, and both had to _____________________ before the government could take any action.
The Romans knew that their government might _______________ if the two consuls __________________________ in an ______________________________.
For that reason, Roman law allowed that a __________________ could be appointed for ______ months to handle an ______________________________.
Within about 250 years, Rome had conquered almost all of ________________.
As Rome grew ____________________ from conquest, troubles arose between the ____________________and the _________________________.
Many patricians increased their ________________ by taking riches from __________________ ___________________________. These riches helped them ________________________ from small farmers to create _____________________________________________ for themselves.
Slaves _____________________________________________________ worked on these farms.
As a result, __________________________________________ found themselves without work.
The cities, especially Rome, were filled with _________________________________________.
Mistrustful of the ______________________________________________________, plebeians ___________________________ to protect their own interests.
Eventually, _________________ plebeians refused to fight in ____________________________.
It was then that the ______________________ gave in to one of the main demands of the plebeians-a written code of laws called the _______________________________________. Despite the fact that these laws applied _________________________ to all citizens, the plebeians never had as much __________________________________________________.
While patricians and plebeians fought for ______________________ in Rome, Roman armies destroyed _______________________________________________________.
They also seized control of ______________________ and conquered __________________.

IV. The Decline of the Republic

By ___________ B.C., Rome was in ______________________.
Over the next 75 years, a number of generals gathered ______________________ and fought for _____________________________.
Consuls no longer respected each other’s _______________________________.
Rome fell into _____________________________________, with private armies roaming the streets and _____________________________________.
As Rome seemed about to break up, _________________________ arose as a strong leader.
______________________ was eager for power. From _________ to_______ B.C., he had led his army in conquering the people of ________________ who lived in present-day France and nearby lands.
In 49 B.C., __________________ returned to __________________.
War broke out between __________________ and the _____________________.
______________________ won the war and became __________________ of the Roman world in ____________ B.C.
____________ ignored the rule that a dictator could rule for only _______________________.
He ruled with great ____________ and, in ________ B.C., he became the only _____________.
In 44 B.C., he became _____________________________.
Caesar made many important governmental reforms, but many _________________________ hated the idea that Rome seemed to be once again ___________________________________.
On March 15, 44 B.C. (the Ides of March), Caesar was __________________________________ by a group of senators who felt that he had gone too far, too fast, in _____________________.
Civil war followed soon after ____________________________________.
When war ended _____________ years later, Caesar’s adopted son, _____________________, held power.
In 27 B.C., the senate awarded _________________ the title _____________________, which means _______________________________________.
______________________________ was Rome’s _______________ emperor.
The Roman Republic had lasted nearly _____________________________. It had grown from a city-state to a holder of ____________________________________.
Rome had the largest _____________________________________ the world had seen to that point.
But the Roman Republic finally _________________________________________. With ____________________________, the Roman Empire was born.

V. The Roman Soldier

The Roman soldier was a _______________ and _______________________, committed to serving on the battlefield for at least __________________________________.
Away from his homeland for __________________ at a time and forbidden to ______________ during his service, he formed strong bonds of loyalty to his _____________________________.
If he survived to complete his dangerous ______________________, he could expect to be well rewarded with _____________________ or ___________________________.
Foot soldiers called ___________________ sometimes marched _________________________ a day, weighed down by about _____________________________________ of equipment.
The legionaries dug ramparts-___________________________________________ them from attack-by digging trenches about ten feet deep and then using the ________ to form ________.

SECTION 2: THE ROMAN EMPIRE

I. Ruling an Empire

When _____________________ came to power after Caesar’s death, Roman control had already spread ____________________________________________.
With the rule of _____________________, a period of stability and prosperity known as the ________________________________ began. It lasted for about _______________ years.
During the _____________________, people traveled _______________ within the empire, and trade with ___________________________________________.
Augustus was an ______________________________. When he was struggling for power, he often ______________________________________________. But after he won control, he changed his _______________ and showed great _______________________ for the Senate and was careful to avoid acting like a ________________.
The Roman rulers treated conquered peoples _______________________. They took some _____________________, but most of the conquered peoples ___________________________.
They divided their empire into ___________________ with a Roman ______________________ supported by an ______________________.
Generally, the Romans did not force their way of ____________ on _______________________.
They allowed them to follow their own _________________________ and run the daily affairs __________________________________.
As long as there was ____________________, Roman governors did not ___________________ in conquered peoples’ lives; they just _______________________________________________.
Rome wanted peaceful provinces in which the conquered people would supply the empire with the ______________________ it needed, ____________________, and ___________________.
Many of the conquered people adopted _______________________________, learned to speak ____________________, and ____________________________.
In A.D. _____, Augustus died. Although the ___________________________ continued after his death, good, bad, and terrible emperors ruled for the next ____________________.
Two of the worst emperors during this time were _________________ and ________________.
_________________ was a _______________, unfair ruler.
______________ murdered his half-brother, his mother, and his__ ___________ among others.
In A.D. 96, Rome entered what is called the age of the “________________________________.”
The five, ________________, ________________, ________________, ________________, and ________________, gained the support of the Senate and ruled fairly.
Perhaps the greatest of these emperors was ________________, who ruled from A.D. __________________.
________________ issued a code of laws that made __________________________________ throughout the empire and reorganized the army so that soldiers were ___________________ _______________________________________________.
The last of the “good emperors,” ______________________________________ , chose his son ________________ to follow him, but ________________________________ ruled with such ____________________ that his reign ended the ____________________________.

II. The Greek Influence on Rome

The Romans had long admired ______________________________ and many Romans visited Greece to study ________, ______________________, and ideas about _________________.
Greek religion influenced the ______________________________. Both practiced ____________________ and offered __________________ and ______________________ to their gods.
Many Roman gods had Greek _____________________. For example, the Roman god of the sky, ______________________, shared characteristics with the Greek god _________________.
The Romans also adopted __________________ from Greek ___________________ such as Hercules.
Greeks and Romans both valued _______________________, but in different ______________.
The Greeks were interested in __________________; they sought to learn _________________ about the world through ___________________________.
The Romans were more interested in using the ideas of the Greeks to __________________.
The Romans developed outstanding ______________________________ and ______________

___________________________, and with these skills, they ____________________________.

III. The Roman Aqueduct

The Romans built ___________________ to bring _______________ to the city.
Aqueduct is derived from two Latin words: aqua means “water” and ductere means “to lead.” Hence, an aqueduct __________________________.
Sources of water had to be at ________________________ ______________ than the city so ___________________________ would move the water along.
Engineers _________________ through mountains and ______________________ valleys to create a ______________________, _________________________.
About four out of every five miles of aqueduct ran ______________________________. This kept the water ___________________ by keeping out ______________ and _______________.

IV. Architecture and Technology

Early Roman __________ and architecture copied the _____________________________.
Later, the Romans studied and copied Greek __________________________ and _______________________. They then developed _____________________________.
Roman statues and buildings were ________________________ and __________________ than those of the ____________________________.
Using arches, Romans were able to build larger ______________________________.
Most large buildings were built of _________________ covered with thin _________________ of _________________.
The development of concrete, which is a mix of __________________________________, _________________________, ___________________, and _________________, helped the Romans construct buildings that were _________________________ than any built before.
Possibly the greatest Roman building was the _______________________________, the site of _______________________ and _______________________ between people and animals.
The _________________________ held __________________ people and the floor could be ______________________ for ___________________ battles using real people in actual boats.
In Roman times, all major _____________ of the empire did lead to ______________________.
The Roman road system covered a distance equal to ___________________________________

V. The Laws of Rome

Like Roman roads, Roman ___________________ spread throughout the empire.
A later ruler named ___________________________ used Roman laws to create a famous code of justice aptly named the __________________________________________.
Roman __________________ continued to be passed down to other _____________________.
Other Roman ideas of justice are basic to our system of _____________. For example, persons _______________________ of crimes had the right to _________________________________.

SECTION 3: ROMAN DAILY LIFE

I. Roman Social Classes

Roman society was made up of a ____________________ and many poor __________________ and ___________________________.
A majority of poor Romans were either ________________ or __________________.
Most of Rome’s jobless survived only with the ________________________________________.
The rich often had __________________ in the city as well as large _______________________ called _____________.
Wealthy Romans were famous for their ______________________________.
In Rome, most people lived in _____________________________________________________.
Many lived in tall _______________________________ houses with no ___________________, _______________________, or ____________________.
____________________ and _______________________ were often dumped out the windows.
Because most houses were made of _________________, _______________ were frequent and often fatal.
The worst, during the reign of ______________ in A.D. __________, destroyed most of the city.
Poor citizens needed __________________ for ________________ to survive.
When ________________ were bad, or when ____________________________ from overseas were late, the poor often _________________________.
To prevent this, emperors provided _________________________ to the __________________.
Emperors also provided spectacular ________________ called _______________________.
The circuses could be _______________. Romans, _______________ and _____________, packed the arenas to watch the _______________________.
These events included __________________fighting other _______________, animals fighting ____________________, and ___________________ fighting ______________________.
The highlights of the day were the fights between ______________________________.
Before the battles, ___________________ paraded onto the floor of the _________________.
Battles ended when one ___________________ was _______________ or ________________ or _____________________ on the ground.
Not all Romans approved of these ___________________________________.
Seneca noted, “It’s sheer __________________. In the morning, men are thrown to the lions or bears. At noon, they are thrown __________________________________.”

II. The Roman Family

Despite these brutal sports, many Romans had _______________________________________.
Most of all they valued ______________________________.
The Roman government provided _________________________________, usually to the _______________________, in various ways.
Under Julius Caesar, fathers of _________________________________________________ received _______________ from the government.
Under Roman law, the ______________________ had absolute power over the entire _________________________.
He owned his _______________________, ____________________, ____________, and ________________________.
In the early days, he could _______________ a son or daughter into _________________. Later, this power was ___________________.
The amount of freedom a woman in ancient Rome enjoyed depended on her _______________ ___________________________and __________________________.
_______________________ women had a great deal of _______________________.
Slavery _______________________ in ancient Rome. Almost every _______________________ owned ______________________.
Even a ________________________ might own a __________________.
While few __________________ paid their _________________ for their work, they often took good care of their ________________________________.
Slaves had ________________________________.
______________________________ received the best treatment. Other slaves often led _______________________, _______________________ lives.
___________________ who worked on farms sometimes worked ______________________ together during the day and slept in __________________ at night.
Slaves in _____________________, ______________, and __________________ worked under ____________________________ conditions.
Some slaves were able to save ___________ or ______________ and buy their ___________________.

SECTION 4: CHRISTIANITY AND THE ROMAN EMPIRE

I. The Beginnings of Christianity

Christianity was one of many _________________ in the vast Roman Empire.
The empire contained many lands with different ___________________, __________________, and _________________________.
The Romans were __________________ toward the people and allowed them to ________________ their own _____________________as long as they showed loyalty to Roman __________________ and the ____________________.
The Romans conquered the _______________________ homeland of ________________ in _________ B.C., and at first, they respected the Jews’ right to worship their ______________.
But many Jews resented ___________________ rule and some believed that _______________ or ____________________ would come to bring justice and ___________________ to the land.
As ______________________ to Roman rule grew, the Roman Senate appointed a new ruler of ______________ named __________________________.
It was during ________________ reign that _______________________ was born in the Judean town of __________________________.
Stories about what Jesus taught and how he lived are found in the ________________________, a part of the Christian ____________________.
After Jesus died, his ________________________ told stories about his ________________ and ______________________.
Between ______________ and _______________ years after his death, four of these stories—believed to have been written by men named ____________________, ________________, ______________, and _____________—came to be accepted by Christians as true descriptions of Jesus’ ____________________ and _______________.
These writings are known as the four _____________________.
According to the _______________________________, Jesus grew up in __________________ and began teaching when he was about ________ years old.
Like all Jewish teachers, Jesus preached that there is only ______________________________.
Jesus taught that God is __________________________ and _______________________.
He promised that people who _____________________ in him and follow his ______________________________ will have _________________________________.
His followers believed that Jesus was their ________________________.
Jesus’ teachings _________________________________________.
Some complained that Jesus was teaching that _________________ was greater than the _______________________.
Fearing that he might lead an _________________________ against the government, the Roman governor condemned ________________________________________.
He was ________________________, but according to the ___________________, Jesus rose from the ______________ and spoke to his __________________, telling them to spread his ___________________________________.

II. Christianity Spreads

The ___________________ equivalent of the word messiah was __________________.
Many educated people of the day spoke ____________________________, and as these people accepted Jesus’’ _____________________, they began calling him ______________________.
After his death, his followers, called ____________________, spread the new religion from __________________________ to Antioch in __________________, and finally to _______________ itself.
One of the most ________________________________________ of Jesus’ teachings was a Jew whose ___________________________ name was _______________________.
________________________ was well educated and spoke ___________________, the common language of the _______________________ Roman Empire.
According to the New Testament, _______________ at first __________________ the Christian message, one day, however, he believed he had a ___________________________ in which _______________ spoke to him.
After this experience, ____________________ changed his name to _______________ and carried _______________________ to the cities around the ____________________________.
_________________ writings helped turn the Christian faith into an ______________________.
______________ wrote many ______________ to Christian groups in distant ______________.
Because Christians ____________________________ Roman gods or the emperor, many Roman officials began to view them as ____________________________________________________.
Under the ___________________________________, the first official campaign _____________ Christians began in A.D. ________.
One night, a _______________ started in some _______________ in _____________.
The __________________ spread and burned for ______________________, leaving much of the ______________________.
According to some accounts, _______________ blamed the _____________________.
He ordered the _____________________ of ___________________ who were sent to their ________________.
According to tradition, Paul was ___________________ and then _________________.
At times over the next ____________ years, the Romans _________________________________.
During these years, the Roman Empire began to lose ____________________ and the Romans sometimes ________________________________________.
Still Christianity __________________ throughout the ______________________.
Its message of hope for ___________________________________________ appealed to many.
The help that Christian communities gave to ___________________, __________________, and the _______________ also attracted followers.
Emperor ____________________, who ruled from A.D. 284 to 305, outlawed _______________

______________________ and put many believers to ________________.

Nonetheless, many Romans ____________________ the Christians because they saw them as
__________________________ and ___________________.
By the A.D. 200’s, over _____________ Romans had accepted the ________________________.

SECTION 5: THE FALL OF ROME

I. Introduction

The Roman emperor and his troops paused on the banks of the ____________________ while the enemy waited on the other side.
__________________________, emperor of Rome from A.D. 312 to 337, looked up and saw a ___________ in the sky.
Written in Latin above the cross was the message, “In hoc signo vinco.” (_________________

________________________________________________.”)

_________________________army went on to win an overwhelming _____________________.
Because _________________ had died on a _________________, ________________________ believed he owed his victory to the ________________ of the ____________________, and he vowed to become a ________________________________.
Historians today still debate whether he actually had this ______________________________; however, _____________________________ is known for strongly encouraging the spread of __________________________________ throughout the _______________________________.

II. The Decline of the Empire

The Christian church provided ___________________ and ___________________________ at a time when the mighty Roman Empire was on the ______________________________________.
By the time _______________________________________ took power, he could do little to stop the ________________________.
The decline had begun many years before when __________________________________ died.
The emperor, known for his _____________________________, had left his son _________________________ in power in A.D. _____________.
___________________, though, was a __________________ who loved the bloodshed of the ________________________________.
To strengthen his position as ruler, he ________________________________ to support him.
The _____________________ of the Roman Empire began under _______________________.
After ____________________, Roman emperors were almost always successful _______________________ and not _______________________________.
They often ____________________________ from the treasury and used it to ______________ the soldiers and make themselves ___________________.
Under these emperors, the ________________________ and _________________ lost stability and the ___________________ lost power.
Would-be rulers gained the throne by _________________________, and between A.D.__ ____ and A.D. ________, Rome had _______ emperors. Most were ___________________________.
Once the Roman army had been made up of _______________________ willing to defend their ___________, but now the army was filled with ___________________ who were motivated by _______________________ and not by _______________ to any cause.
Rome’s strength depended on a __________________________ loyal to the nation, but such an army was now __________________________________.
The Roman Empire had grown ___________________ to be ruled from one ________________.
Tribes the Romans had____________________ earlier now _____________________________.
Many ________________ territories regained their ____________________________________.
The Roman army now had to spend its time ________________________________ instead of _________________________________________________ into new areas.
The empire began to ________________________________.
After Rome stopped conquering new _________________________, no new sources of ______________________________________.
The empire struggled to pay its _______________________________army, one that often _______________________.
To raise money, __________________________________ while people of the empire suffered ____________________________________________.
______________________ was in short supply, so the price of food _____________________.
To pay for more _________________, the government decided to produce ________________.
The value of the _______________________ depended on the amount of __________________ in them. But since the government did not _________________________________, it put less in ____________________________________________.
This resulted in __________________________. If _______________________ is not controlled, money will buy _________________________ and ___________________.
Roman coins soon became ____________________________________________.
Some emperors such as _________________________________ worked hard to stop the _______________________________________________ of the Roman Empire.
Diocletian ________________________________ and built new ______________ at the border.
He also improved the system of __________________________ which brought in more money to _______________________________________.
_____________________________ divided the empire into ______________ parts to make it easier ___________________________________.
He ruled over the ___________________________________________, and he appointed a ________________________________who ruled over the _________________________.

III. The Romans Accept Christianity

_________________________ and his co-emperor stepped down in A.D. _______________.
For ________________ years, generals fought each other until one, ______________________, won the power to _______________.
___________________________, who claimed that the _____________________________ had helped his army win the battle for control of Rome, proclaimed __________________________

___________________________ for people in the empire.

Under ________________________, Rome would no longer persecute ____________________.
_______________________ soon became the official ________________ of the Roman Empire.
During _________________________ twenty-five years as emperor, he worked to strengthen the _______________________________________.
In A.D. ______, Constantine moved his capital to the city of ______________________________ in present-day ____________________________.
He renamed the city ______________________________.
The _____________________ of the empire was now firmly in the ___________________.

IV. The Defeat of Rome

After __________________________ death, northern invaders swept across Rome’s borders.
Today we call these people __________________________ tribes, but the Romans called them __________________.
In the past, the Roman army had been able to ________________________________________, but now they could not ___________________ them.
In the A.D. 400’s, ______________________ tribes ___________________________ the empire.
One tribe, the Visigoths, captured and looted Rome in 410.
The ________________________, another Germanic tribe, took Rome in ________________.
The Roman emperor was almost ____________________________.
The last Roman emperor was 14-year-old __________________________________.
In _________, a German general seized control of Rome and sent the boy to live with relatives in ___________________________________.
After _________________________________________, no emperor ruled over Rome and the ________________________________________.
However, even after Rome fell, the ___________________ part of the empire remained _________________________.
Its capital, _____________________________, remained the center of another empire, the _____________________________________, for another ______________________ years.